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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 





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Columbian Exposition. Ci 



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THE 

y N 

HISTORICAL 



]||forld's Qolumbian ][xposition 



JLIsTID 



Chicago o Guide 



AUTHENTIC AND RELIABLE INSTRUCTOR FOR VISITORS TO l-HE 

EXPOSITION AND THE MOST PROFITABLE COMPANION FOR 

THE SIGdT-SEER WHO HAS TO STAY AT HOME. 

TRUSTWORTHY ACCOUNTS OF THE EXHIBITS. 

VIEWS AND FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE EXPOSITION BUILDINGS. 
SPECTACULAR EFFECTS OF STATELY BUILDINGS, 

OBJECT LESSONS IN ALL THE WORLD'S INDUSTRIES, 

The Palace of Aladdin and Diamonds from Brazil and Africa. The Treas- 
ures of Persia, Egypt, and Greece — Antiquity Revived. Spain, 
Portugal, France, and Great Britain — the Middle Ages. 
America, Great Britain, France, Germany, and 
the Latest Inventions of Human Thought. 

ILLUSTRATED FROM OFFICIAL DRAWING^- 

( IV Ail 14 189!? V 
HOEACE H. MOEGAlSr, LL.D.W,;^ r/^,.^ 

AUTHOR OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE, REPRESENT- 
ATIVE NAMES IN ENGLISH LITERATURE, STUDIES 
OF THE GREAT BRITISH AUTHORS, ETC., ETC. 



THE PACIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 
ST. LOUIS, MO. and SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 

1892. 



COPYRIGHT. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 

J. L. HEBERT, 1892. 



THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO 

PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION, 

FOR AS HE WAS EARLY AMONG MICHIGAN'S SONS 

TO WIN GENERAL RECOGNITION, SO IS HE 

FOREMOST IN PROMOTING THE 

PROPER CELEBRATION OF 
AMERICA'S 400th ANNIVERSARY. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 






PEEFACE. 

HE undertaking of Columbian Expositions 
by both Italy and the United States is an 
event of no little historical importance ; for 
though, as at the Philadelphia Centennial, 
various motives may actuate the visitors in attendance, 
there must result even to the most superficial observ- 
ers an impulse which will largely modify the efforts of 
mankind during the decades next succeeding. y^ 

But Italy, which has little claim upon Columbus be- 
yond the accident of having furnished him a birth-place, 
so little cared for as to be now unknown, and Italy, 
which however great her influence in European politics, 
had no share in the pioneer labors which added to the 
world the American continents : Italy will necessarily 
dwell mainly upon the memprials which connect Col- 
umbus with her history. 

America, on the other hand, as the outgrowth of 
labors which did not foresee her future, will use the past 
simply as a background for the present, and will em- 
phasize not the medieval conditions under which' 
Columbus was allowed to make his geographical ex- 
periment, but rather the new civilization wdiich, rendered 
possible by the discovery of Columbus, has changed 
even the conditions of life on the Eastern continent, and 
which may well accept the city of Chicago as a recent 
illustration of its aims and methods. 

Italy has indeed reason to be proud of her history. 



4 THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

and may well rejoice that although her territory has 
heen but the battlefield for armies not her own, she yet 
has through the intellect of her children ruled although 
conquered. 

Italy may well boast that despite the spoliation of 
her treasures she still remains sovereign in the realm 
of the Fine Arts ; that she can never lose interest for 
the intellect of the civilized world ; that her poets are 
studied far and wide ; that her historj- is an inseparable 
part of that of the human race ; and that her religious 
domination is unquestioned by the majority of Christians 
from one end of the world to the other. 

But America is the land where the exotics of Europe 
have been replaced by the natural, wild blossoming of 
what the new civilization regards as mankind's choicest 
blessings — personal and political freedom, a civiliza- 
tion Avhich seeks the perennial fragrance of universal 
participation in God's great gifts to man, rather than 
the rare outburst of the century plant which, as a sym- 
bol of the old world, required the wretchedness of the 
many to secure its efflorescence. 

The goal of human history is the enfranchisement of 
the human being: emancipation from poverty and 
squalor, emancipation from ignorance and superstition, 
emancipation from the sins which clog the spirit and 
rob one ot* the full stature of manhood. 

America has steadily sought this goal — often blindly, 
often mistakenly ; but her Exposition will show abund- 
antly not alone that she has been chief in the conquest 
of nature in the industrial world, but that she has 
equally as good an account to give of her stewardship 
in matters intellectual and spiritual ; that her missionary 
enterprises, works of philanthropy and charities have 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 



gone hand in hand with her material success ; that the 
churches, and schools, and libraries, and lyceums which 
dot our land are no fetiches but, like the Cooper Insti- 
tute, rational attempts to aid some 



Forlorn and shipwrecked brother, 
Wlio seeinof shall take heart asfain. 



Patient Martha was reproved for too great attention 
to the non-essentials of life, and too many persons who 
have no clue to the " one unfailing purpose" find them- 
selves repelled by certain stages of transition. Such 
will find more abundantly at Chicago, what others found 
in no small degree at Philadelphia, that great move- 
ments must not be judged by the petty standards of the 
individual, but like the massive sculptures of antiquity 
require perspective for their proper appreciation. We 
have the promise from the authorities of the World's 
Columbian Exposition that the various exhibits shall 
convey the history of their own evohition, and it is the 
object of The World's Columbian Exposition and 
Chicago Guide to prepare visitors for the fullest and 
most intelhgent appreciation of the panorama of the 
world's past and present. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



I. Title Page 1 

II. Copyright 2 

III. Dedication 3 

ly. Preface 4 

V. Table of Contents 6 

Yl. Chicago Itinerary 12 

VII. International Expositions, 1799-1889 15 

Paris, London, New Tork, Yienna. 

VIII. The World's Columbian Exposition 21 

IX. The Opening Anniversary Exercises, October 

12, 1892 24: 

X. The Procession of the Nations 29 

Argentine Eepublic. India. 

Australasia. Italy. 

Belgium. Japan. 

Chili. Morocco. 

China. Netherlands. 

Cuba. Persia. 

Egypt. Peru. 

France. Eussia. 

Germany. San Domingo. 

British Empire. Spain. 

Honduras. New Zealand. 

Turkey, and other nations. 
XL History and Illustration of the Exposition 

Buildings 36 

Administration Building 36 

Agricultural Building 41 

Casino and Pier 48 

Dairy Building 68 

Electrical Building 45 



CONTENTS. 7 

Fisheries Building 48 

Forestry Building ,.. 64 

Gallery of Fine Arts 55 

Government Building 58 

Horticultural Hall 58 

Manufacturers and Liberal Arts 61 

Machinery Hall 63 

Hall of Mines and Mining 127 

Transportation Building 65 

The Woman's Building 71 

XII. Women Distinguished in Spheres other than 

THE Domestic Y4 

XII. The National Commission 40 

XIY. Inventions Patented by Women 81 

XY. Missouri and her Women Inventors 82 

XYI. Columbiana » 94 

The Reproduction of La Eabida. 

The Illusions of Columbus. 

Personal Appearance of Columbus. 

The Chirography of Columbus. 

Columbian Authorities. 

Columbus and Slavery. 

Letter from Ferdinand and Issabella. 

Relics of Christopher Columbus. 

Sir John DeMandeville's Travels. 

The Theories of Columbus. 

Columbus and Reportimientos. 
XYII. The History op Chicago 128 

The Pioneer Period. 

The First White Settler. 

Old Fort Dearborn. 

The Land Craze. 

Incorporation as a City. 

Indications of American Progress. 

The Labor Riots. 

The Hay market Riot. 

The Modern Towers of Babel. 

Magnificent Churches. 

Attractive Club Houses. 



8 CONTENTS. " '. 

Enchanting Picture Galleries^ 
Beautiful Parks^ 
Ode to Abraham Lincoln. 
Carefully-tended Cemeteries. 
Luxurious Hotels 
Libraries and Learned Societies. 
Medical Colleges"and Hospitals. 
Well-appointed Theatres. 
War History. 
Literati. 

Literary Productiveness. 
Educational History. 
Eeflected G-lory. 
Chicago. 
G-reat Industries. 
Chronicles. 
XYIII. Departments or the World's Columbian Ex- 
position 183 

Agriculture; Food and Food-Products, Farm- 
ing-Machinery and Appliances. 

Electricity and Electrical Appliances. 

Ethnology and Archaeology. 

Fish and Fisheries; Fish-Products and Ap- 
paratus. 

Foreign Affairs. 

Forestry and Forest Products. 

Fine Arts, 

Liberal Arts ; Education, Engineering, Pub- 
lic Works, Architecture, Music, Drama. 

Live Stock. 

Machinery. 

Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. 

Publicity and Promotion. 

Yiticulture, Horticulture, and Floriculture. 

Woman's Department. 

XLK. The Board of Lady Managers 

The World's Congresses. 

XX. The Electrical Exhibit 238 

XXL The Ethnological Exhibit 269 



CONTENTS. 9^ 

XXII. The Fine Art Display 184r 

XXIII. The Liberal Arts Exhibit 261 

XXiy . Department of Machinery 245 

XXV. Woman's Work 261, 267 

XXYI. The Government Display 211 

XXYII. The Xaval Exhibit 242 

XXYIII. Paper, Printing and Stationery 255 

XXIV. Cutting Tools 258 

XXV. Manufactures 26T 

XXXI. Curiosities 270 

XXXII. Exhibits which may be Expected from Vari- 
ous Countries 276 

The Argentine Eepublic 276 

Bolivia 279 

Brazil , 281 

Chili 814 

Ecuador 357 

Guiana 862 

Paraguay 866 

Peru 863 

The United States of Colombia 365 

The British Empire and Dependencies 366 

Great Britain and Ireland. 
Gibraltar, Heligoland and Malta. 
Aden, Perim and Bahrein Islands. 
Ceylon, Cyprus, Hong-Kong. 
India, Baluchistan, Sikkim. 
Andoman and ]^icobar Islands. 
Laccadive Islands, Kamarin Islands. 
Labuan, IS'orth Borneo. 
The Straits Settlements. 
Ascension Island, Basutoland. 
Bechuana Land, Buanda. 
Ugando, Ungoro. 
Zambesia and Xyassaland. 
Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, Xatal. 
Niger District, St. Helena. 
Tristram D'Acunha. 
The Gold Coast, Lagos, Gambia. 



10 CONTENTS. 

Sierra Leone, Zululand. 

Bermudas, Canada. 

Falkland Islands, Guiana. 

Honduras, Newfoundland. 

Labrador, Bahama Islands. 

Barbadoes, Windward Islands. 

Jamaica, Leeward Islands. 

Virgin Islands, Trinidad. 

Fiji, New Guinea, Yictoria. 
New South Wales, New Zealand. 

Pacific Islands, Queensland. 

South Australia, Tesmania. 
Western Australia. 

austria-hungaky and dependencies 376 

China 377 

France and Dependencies 384 

French India. 

Cochin China. 

Tonquin. 

Algeria. 

Senegal and Eivieres du Sud. 

French Sudan. 

Gaboon and the Guinea Coast. 

Ee'union. 

Guiana. 

Guadeloupe. 

Martinique. 

New Caledonia. 

Marquesas. 

Tahiti. 

Tunis. 

Madagascar. 

German Empire and Dependencies 387 

Prussia. 

Bavaria. 

Wurtemberg. 

Saxony. 

Baden. 

Hesse. 



CONTENTS. 11 

S axe- Weimar. 

Brunswick. 

Bremen. 

Alsace-Lorraine. 

Geeece , 392 

Hayti 393 

Italy and Dependencies 393 

Mexico , 395 

California 402 

Missouri 407 

Connecticut 408 

Virginia 413 

Persia 414 

Washington 400 

The Nations Pay Tribute to Columbia 406 

Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy 409 

Stonewall Jackson 413 



12 CHICAGO ITINERARY. 



CHICAGO ITINERARY. 



Chicago is famed as the World's Fair City, and equally so for her lofty, 
substantial business structures. We have but to glance at the long list of 
great buildings in the very heart of the city to be convinced of the wisdom 
displayed by Congress in selecting Chicago as the representative of this coun- 
try, a typical American city with streets which alone are peculiar toiVmerica 
and Chicago. Before laying out different routes, enabling the visitor to see 
Chicago to the best advantage and at as little expense as possible, attention 
will be called to the different features of Chicago that can be reached on foot 
from the central point of the city, say the City Hall. 

The City Hall and Cook County Court House occupies the block bounded 
on the north by Randolph, on the east by Clark, on the south by Washington^ 
and on the west by LaSalle. One block east, on Washington street, is the 
Adams Express Building. One block west, at the corner of Randolph and 
Dearborn streets, is the Borden Block. On the south side of Washington, 
near Clark street, is the Chicago Opera Block, two squares west of the Cen- 
tral Music Hall. South on State street, between Monroe and Adams, is Gun- 
ther's Museum. The University Club is on Dearborn street and Calhoua 
Place, two blocks east of the central branch of the Young Men's Christian 
Association Building, 148 Madison. Five blocks west, on Canal and Monroe, 
is the Union Depot, at which the C. & A., C, B. & Q. and P. C. C. & St. L. 
arrive. On Monroe, between State and Wabash, is the Chicago Club. The 
Chicago Electric Club is located at 103 Adams, two blocks south of the Young- 
Men's Christian Association. The Board of Trade is located at the foot of 
LaSalleand Jackson streets. Facing on the west side of LaSalle, one block 
from the Board of Trade, is the Home Insurance Building, and opposite, on 
the east side, is the Rialto, Temperance Building, the Rookery Building and 
the White Chapel Club. One block east is the Custom House and United 
States Post Office Building. At the south entrance of the Post Office is the 
Union League Club. Two squares east, on Michigan Boulevard, is the Audi- 
torium. 

The Auditorium is 710 feet front, 145 feet high, tower 125 feet high and 
75x41 feet interior. In the construction of the Auditorium there was used, 
S600,000 worth of iron, 800,000 square feet of terra-cotta, 600,000 feet of plate- 
glass, twenty-five miles of gas and water-pipe, 230 miles of electric wire^ 
10,000 electric lights, eleven dynamos, thirteen electric motors and 50,000 
square feet of marble. It contains in addition to the hotel an opera house 
and an office building. 

In the same block, north, is the Art Institute. One block south is the Chi- 
cago Athenaeum Library, located at 16-26 Van Buren street. Three blocks 
north, on the lake front, is the Chicago Exposition Building. Old Fort Dear- 
born was located at Michigan avenue and Dearborn street. The Chamber of 
Commerce is on the corner of LaSalle and Washington. The Caxton Library, 
328 Dearborn, is three blocks south of the First National Bank, corner of 



BOCLEVAEDS. 13 



Dearborn and Monroe. TheTacoma Building is directly opposite the Young 
Men's Christian Association, at the northeast corner of LaSalle and Madi- 
son. The Pullman Building and Richelieu and the Leland Hotels are on 
Michigan avenue, just north of the Auditorium. Opposite the Post Office, on 
Jjearborn and Adams, is the Owens Building. The Public Library occupies 
the upper floors of the City Hall, corner of LaSalle and Washington. The 
Traders' Building is at No. 6 Pacific avenue, not far from the United States 
Appraiser's offices, corner of Harrison and Sherman streets. The Union 
Catholic Library is located at 84 Dearborn. Gannis Block, Illinois Bank 
Building, two blocks east of Western Society of Engineers, 78 LaSalle street. 
The Gaff Building is situated at No. 230 "LaSalle street. The newspapers of 
Chicago are occupying conspicuous places, as follows: Abend Post, 181 Wash- 
ington street; Chicago Evening Journal, 161 Dearborn street; Post, 166 Wash- 
ington street; Globe, 118 Fifth avenue; Herald, LaSalle and Washington 
streets; Inter-Ocean, Madison and Dearborn streets; Mail, Washington and 
Fifth avenue; Times, LaSalle and Washington streets; Tribune, Washington 
and Dearborn streets; Daily News, LaSalle and Washington; Free Press, 94 
Fifth avenue; Illinois Staats Zeitung, Washington and Fifth avenue. 

Chicago is classified into the divisions — North, East, South and West Chi- 
cago. Properly speaking, North Chicago lies north of the Chicago River, all 
south being South Chicago. At the corner of South Water and Market the 
river forms two streams, known as the north and south branches, and the 
territory lying west of theSe two forks is known as the West Side, and em- 
braces about three-fourths of the entire population of Chicago. On the West 
8ide, the streets leading to the heart of the city, are lined with substantial 
retail] stores, Madison street being the leading business thoroughfare. This 
street is traversed its entire length by the West Side Cable Street Railway. 
Two blocks north of Madison street and Ashland boulevard is Union Square, 
and the Union Park Congregational Church, corner of Ashland and Wash- 
ington boulevards. The Illinois Club, 154 South Ashland boulevard, is in 
the immediate neighborhood of the Third Presbyterian Church, corner of 
Ogden and Ashland boulevard. The Madison street cable leads directly to 
the West Side Race Track, just west of Garfield Park. Returning to Hal- 
stead,'one block south is Jacobs Academy and six blocks north, was the scene 
of the great Haymarket riot. The St. James Reformed Episcopal Church, 
■corner of Cass and Huron, is in the northwestern part of the city. 



BOULEVARDS. 

No other city has been so wise in counting money wisely expended if 
devoted to making its appearance more attractive and its conveniences more 
■extensive. Holland, it will be remembered, was wrested from the dominions 
of the sea; so Chicago has stood for the triumph of mind over matter, and a 
site lacking in every advantage but in that of location has, by the art of man, 
been transformed into a famous example of nineteenth century civilization. 
Flatness has been converted into levelness, and now the city has thirty-five 
miles of boulevards which will compare favorably with the famous drives of 
Paris and London. 



14 BOULEVARDS. 



The Normal Training School, Twelfth and Michigan boulevard. 

Libby Prison, State, near Sixteenth street. 

Hahnemann's Medical College, Cottage Grove avenue, and Hahnemann Medical Col- 
lege, 2818 Groveland avenue. 

Haven School, 1470 Wabash street. 

Grace Episcopal Church, South Wabash avenue. 

First Regiment Armory, Sixteenth street and Michigan avenue. 

Sinai Synagogue, Twenty-first and Indiana avenue. 
Chicago Homoeopathic Hospital, 352 Southw^ood street. 

Emanuel Baptist Church, Thirty first street and South Park avenue. 

First Presbyterian.Cnurch, Twenty first and Indiana avenue. 

Newberry Library, Oak and State street. 

Around Lincoln Park, on the North Side, are many handsome structures; residences 
in particular along the lake front, just south of the park. 

Potter Palmer's palatial, castle-like residence adds to the beauty of Pine street, in the 
neighborhood of Lincoln Park. 

Alexian Brothers' Hospital, located at 539 and 569 North Clark street. 

Cathedral of the Holy Name, Superior aud State streets. 

The Water Works, North Clark street. 

Moody's Church, Chicago and LaSalle avenues. 

Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Exchange and Ninety-first streets. 

Christ's Episcopal Church, Twenty fourth street and Michigan boulevard. 

Calumet Club, Twentieth street and Michigan avenue. 

Farragut Rowing Club, Michigan avenue and Thirty-first street. 

Plymouth Congregational Church, Twenty-sixth and Michigan avenue. 

Hospital for Women and Children, corner Adams and Paulina streets; one block 
west, The Epiphany. 

The Episcopal Cathedral is three blocks west and one block north of the Haymarket 
Theatre, corner of Peoria street and Washington boulevard. 

The Centenary M. E. Church, at corner of Monroe and Morgan streets, is four blocks 
east of Jefferson Park. 

At 813 Harrison is the College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

The Westminster Church is at the corner of Peoria and Jackson streets. 

The Woman's Medical College is at 335 South Lincoln street. 

The depots are all located in the central part of the city, as follows: 

The Wabash, the Chicago and Erie, and the Chicago and Grand Trunk and the Atchi- 
son, Topeka and Santa F^ are on Polk street and Third avenue. 

The Baltimore and Ohio, on Front and Monroe streets. 

The Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago, the Michigan Central, the Chicago, St. Paul 
and Kansas City and the Chicago and Northern Pacific are on Fifth avenue and Harrisoti 
street. 

The Chicago and Northwestern, on Wells and King streets. 

Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, on 
Van Buren and Sherman streets. 

The Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and St. Louis, and the Illinois Central, on the 
Lake front. 

On the South Side live principally the wealth and fashion of the city. 

Indiana avenue, Prairie avenue and Michigan boulevard are high-class residence 
streets, also in the vicinity of Washington Park, and the Plaisance. 

In Jackson and South Parks are many very costly residences, clubs and family 
hotels. 

The Michael Reese Hospital, Twenty-ninth and Groveland streets. 



THE 



HISTORICKI- 



WoFld's Golambian Exposition 



— AND — 



CHICAGO GUIDE. 



i]srTEE:N^ATio]srAL expositto:n's. 

The International Exhibition originated in France 
and was suggested by the wretchedness produced 
among the factory hands of France by the over-pro- 
duction of the manufacturers. The idea at first con- 
templated nothing beyond such a display of goods as 
should tempt purchasers, but in 1798 the idea of an 
Exposition was adopted by the French Government as 

(15) 



1() 



calculated to multiply the resources of the French 
artisan. The success was so great as to justify another 
exhibit in 1802, followed by others in 1806, 1819, 1823, 
1827, and so on until eleven had been held by 1849. 

By 1845 Munich imitated the example of Paris, and 
others had been held irregularly in Belgium, Spain, 
Portugal, Austria, Denmark, and ^Russia. 

The earliest Exhibition in Great Britain was that at 
Dublin in 1827 followed by others at Leeds, Manchester, 
and other towns. 

In 1849 the French contemplated giving an inter- 
national instead of a national character to their Exposi- 
tions, but the idea w^as realized first by Great Britain 
in the London Crystal Palace of 1851. The area 
covered by the Crystal Palace was 989,884 square feet ; 
the cost of buildings was over three-quarters of a million 
dollars; and there were used in the structure 3,500 
tons of cast iron, 600,000 cubic feet of wood, 550 tons 
of wrought iron, and 896,000 feet of glass. At this 
Exposition the United States was represented only by 
Powers' statuary, Chickering pianos, gas chandeliers, 
and a few agricultural implements. 

In 1853 Dublin again made an exhibit, and the same 
year witnessed the relative feature remembered as the 
^ew York Crystal Palace. It was here that quite a 
beginning was made for the erection of the monument 
which now rises to the memory of George Washington. 
The area covered was 92,496 square feet and there 
were used 750,000 feet of timber, 300 tons of wrought 
iron, 1,500 tons of cast iron, and 55,000 square feet of 
glass. 

Industrial success was chiefly marked by this exhibit, 
the sewing machine making its first appearance. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 17 

In 1855, Paris again became the seat of interest. It 
was here that McCormick won his world-wide reputa- 
tion, and it has been clahned that the Exhibition showed 
" how materials derived from forest, field, or mine may 
be turned to purposes of utility ; how the labor of man 
may be multiplied a thousandfold ; how the fruits of 
the earth may be cultivated and garnered for man's 
necessities, and how works of art may be made to 
increase the happiness and enjoyment of mankind.^' 

In 1857 there was held in England an exhibition of 
Fine Art and Fine Art manufacture and the art exhibit 
was arranged in accordance with the development 
theory. 

In 1861 Italy undertook a display of its treasures 
of art and supplemented these by a fair representation 
of its industries and produce. 

In 1802 Great Britain resolved upon the London Ex- 
hibition of the Art Works of all IN'ations ; for she fully 
appreciated her losing position in the race of the nations 
when on the Continent the teachers were men who 
united theory and practice. South Kensington was the 
site selected ; the area covered was 988,000 square feet. 
The United States was not without representation for 
McCormick, Blake, and Russell were there with their 
inventions and the sewing machine had not yet become 
an article of familiar use. The Hoe Printing Presses, 
Bessamer Steel, the Electric Telegraph and Chemicals 
attracted deserved attention and added to the interest 
of the foreigner in America. 

In 1807 France again came to the front and the 

Exposition found use for 171 acres of ground. The 

area covered by the buildings was about 37 acres. It 

was here that Miss Harriet Hosmer carried off the chief 

2 



18 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

honors by her Sleepuig- Fauii, while American photog- 
raphers took the highest rank. Steinway appeared to 
compete successfully with Chickering, and the cele- 
brated Mason and Hamlin organs sprang into fame. 
Idaho, California and the Lake Superior region repre- 
sented America's mineral wealth, and America was 
adjudged easily victor m the matter of machmery and 
machme tools. 

Minor exhibitions succeeded in different countries, 
until in 1873 Austria massed her forces at Vienna. 
The United States gained great credit for improvements 
in machinery calculated to give greater precision and 
to save labor. The arms manufactured at Hartford, 
the iron work of Pittsburg, the earliest Corliss engine, 
and reapers and mowers without number crossed the 
Atlantic to Europe. 

In 1876 occurred the Philadelphia Centennial, still a 
topic for agreeable discussion. But what is not so 
generally known is that it was carried to a successful 
realization chiefly throusfh the efforts of what is now 
termed a Board of Lady Managers but what was then 
termed the Woman's Centennial Committee of Penn- 
sylvania, of which Mrs. E. D. Gillespie was president. 
The special service rendered by Mrs. Gillespie and the 
ladies associated Avith her was the provision of funds 
sufiicient to admit of carrying to a conclusion the work 
contemplated. There was for the first time a Woman's 
Building and the American women subscribed gener- 
ously. 

The Exposition covered with its buildings nearly 
twenty-two acres of ground. Buildings illustrating 
the domestic architecture of different countries, and the 
various State Buildings added to the variety and sug- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 19 

gested ideas which will be realized on a grand scale at 
Chicago in 1893. 

The most noticeable resnlt yielded by the Centennial 
was such an increase of intelligent and fervid patriotism 
as has substituted a regard for our military veterans, 
for the unreasoning but bitter hatred of the inveterates. 

ISText in importance was the impulse which has 
resulted in what may be termed our Industrial Age and 
which while laying the foundations of vast private 
fortunes has for the moment rendered us deaf to obli- 
gations other than that of getting on in the world. 

The fairly adequate display of our mineral and agri- 
cultural resources : the superior excellence of many of 
our manufactures : the unexpected success of our work 
in ceramics and glass-ware : the native contributions to 
the world's pharmacy: our marvelous progress in the 
manufacture of wool and silk fabrics: work of the 
jeweler which spread alarm throughout Switzerland : 
paper making, and printing presses: hardware, tools, 
railway supplies : machinery which would have caused 
Tubal-Cain to take pride in his successors : electrical 
apparatus and great works of the civil engineer : these 
all united to divert our minds from interests quite as 
essential, but they may well illustrate the powerful 
influence given to human effort by these periodical 
displays. 

In 1878 Paris again became the center of the world's 
interest and in 1889 she outdid herself in her prepara- 
tions for the most magnificent exhibition heretofore 
seen. 

The following figures will aid in making comparisons 
between previous expositions and The "World's Colum- 
bian Exposition at Chicago : 



20 THE ^VORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Acreage. Square Feet. Exhibitors. 

Loudon, 1851 21i- 700,000 17,000 

Paris, 1855 24|- 1,866,000 22,000 

London, 1862 22i 1,291,800 28,653 

Paris, 1867 87 3,371,994 52,000 

Vienna, 1873 280 ............ 42,000 

Pbiladelphia, 1876 236, 1,688,858 30,864 

Paris, 1878 100 1,858,778 40,366 

Paris, 1889 173 1,000,000 55,000 

Chicago, 1893 1037 5,000,000 

In the construction of the building for The World's 
Columbian Exposition there will be required of glass 
only, 29 acres or 1,254,235 square feet, or 141 car- 
loads. 

ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES. 

For Exposition buildings.. $7,295,000 

Grading and filling 450,400 

Viaducts and bridges. 125,000 

Piers .....'........ 70,000 

Waterway Improvements. 225,000 

Landscape gardening ..................... 323,490 

Railways 500,000 

Steam plant 800,000 

Electricity .....'. , 1,500,000 

Vases, lamps and posts .. = ......,...., 50,000 

Water supply and sewerage 600,000 

Lake front improvements » 200,000 

Statuary for architectural use..................... 100,000 

Operating expenses, etc... ,... ,. 5^560.000 

Total ...$17,827,590 

The city of Chicago furnishes : — 

Stock subscriptions $5,628,000 

City bonds -... 5,000,000 

Total , $10,628,000 



AT^D CHICAGO GUIDE. . 21 



SPECIMEN OF COLUMBUS' MS. 



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THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAlSr EXPOSITION. 

The action of Congress which may be taken as the 
initiation of the Chicago Exposition, has as its preamble 
the following : An act to provide for celebrating the 
four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America 
by Christopher Columbus, by holding an International 
Exhibition of Arts, Industries, Manufactures, and 
Products of the Soil, the Mine and the Sea, in the 
City of Chicago in the State of Illinois. 

The National Commission is composed of eight com- 
missioners at large, and of two commissioners from 
each State and Territory, as well as from the District 
of Columbia. These commissioners were to satisfy 
themselves that a local corporation created for the con- 
duct of the Exposition possessed a ho7ia fide capital of 



22 . AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 

ten millions of dollars. To this commission, author- 
ized to create as an auxiliary a board of lady managers, 
are deputed all questions concerning the plan and scope 
of the exhibition, the classification of exhibits, the 
appointment of judges of award, and in short the con- 
duct of all matters affecting exhibitors. 

The dedicatory ceremonies are to be held October 12, 
1892 and the Exposition itself • to be open from May, 
1893, to October, 1893. 

All profitable labor is systematic and hence imosten- 
tatious. This has led many impatient persons to 
confound their own ignorance of what, was being done 
with an assured belief that Chicago was not sufficiently 
alive to the magnitude of the enterprise. So far is this 
from being true, that since the selection of the site the 
spade of the laborer, the trowel of the builder, the 
hammer of the carpenter, and the mental activity of 
the supervisor have rested neither day nor night. 
Already these buildings are assured : 

Cost. Extent. 

The Government Building $400,000 3.6 Acres 

Administration Building 650,000 1.4 " 

Machinery Hall and Annex 200,000 26.3 ^' 

Manufactures and Decorative Arts 450,000 31.2 " 

Horticultural Building.... 250,000 5.7 •' 

Hall of Mines 350,000 5.6 " 

Agricultural Building , ..... 500,000 9.2 " 

Electrical Building 650,000 5.6 " 

Fisheries Building 350,000 6.7 " 

Woman's Building ,.... 1,000,000 2.3 " 

Transportation Building 1,000,000 9.3 " 

Line Art Museum 1,000,000 

Buildings for the several States -.... 5,000,000 

Live Stock Buildings , 385,000 

Foreign Buildings 5,000,000 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 23 

Altogether the acreage covered by roof will be at 
least one hundred and fifty acres — double the ground 
occupied at the last Paris Exposition. 

A Tower of Babel more pretentious than that of Eiffel 
at Paris ; a Water Palace rivaling in effectiveness the 
architectural monuments of Europe ; reproductions of 
the houses, costumes and occupations of the dwellers in 
the dead cities of the past as well as of the active living 
peoples of the world ; entertainments for the merely idle 
and curious as well as for those who seek more than im- 
mediate pleasure from their visit ; the Edison display of 
the latest triumphs of this wizard of the storm cloud — 
these are but a few of the results already assured. 

It must be remembered that as islands have risen 
from the depths of the sea, as the prosperous land of 
the Hollander was reclaimed from the dominion of old 
ocean, so Chicago has created all of its possessions. 
Originally selected for its commercial value, the site of 
Chicago was unpromising but year by year the indomi- 
table will of its citizens has increasingly caused the 
desert to blossom like the rose, so that art has provided 
the beauty denied by nature. By 1893 Chicago intends 
to add to her other laurels that of the right to contest 
for the fabled decision of Paris, hoping that to others 
will fall the lot of the sorrowing CEnone : 

Idalian Aphrodite beautiful, 

Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphiau wells. 
With rosy slender fingers backward drew 
From her warm brows and bosom her deep hair 
Ambrosial, golden round her lucid throat 
And shoulders : from the violets her light foot 
Shone rosy-white, and o'er her rounded form 
Between the shadows of the vine-bunches 
Floated the glowing sunlight, as she moved. 



24 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



I^^AUGUEAL EXERCISES. 

The four days from October 12th to October 16th, 
have been set aside for the Inaugural Exercises of The 
World's Columbian Exposition, and $150,000 has been 
appropriated for their proper conduct. There will be 
a military encampment, military parades and reviews, 
and such pyrotechnic displays as have not hitherto been 
possible. ISTiagara Falls, Perry's Victory on Lake Erie, 
and the ]^ational Colors are some -of the set pieces 
which the skill of the pyrotechnist will present. 

The first day, or Memorial Day, will be ushered in 
by a grand national salute, for noise is essential to 
American popular enjoyment. At ten o'clock the 
President of the United States will be received, after 
which will follow the reception of the thirteen States, 
these being represented by their Governors together 
with their escorts, l^ext in order will be the rendition 
of the hymn, America, followed by that of the Star- 
Spangled Banner. The Commemoration Ode will 
follow, after which the Director- General will deliver 
his address. 'Nex.t in order will be the formal presen- 
tation of the buildings, succeeded by the rendition of a 
cantata, and by the Presentation of the Buildings to 
the President of the United States. The President of 
the United States will then make an appropriate address, 
after which will be given the Dedicatory Oration. The 
Hallelujah chorus followed by a ISTational Salute will 
close the day's exercises. 




N 1 S T R A T I 



/ AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 27 

Thursday will be taken up by a reception given by 
the President of the United States. 

Friday will witness the Grand Civic and Industrial 
Procession, which will be a Pageant illustrative of 
Columbus' services and of the cardinal events in the 
History of the United States. The evening will be 
devoted to the Dedication Ball. 

The scenic effects provided are, so far as already 
determined upon, 

A HISTOEICAL MAEIISTE PAGEAjSTT 

floats representing chronologically the great events of 
history from 1492 to 1892 movingin procession among 
the lagoons of Jackson Park while the skill of the 
electrician will be invoked to imitate ^' fairy moon- 
light." 

THE IS^ATIO^AL PASSIO]^" FOE GOLDEISr- 
MOUTHED OEATOEY 

will be fully gratified by the distinguished speakers 
who will at once honor and derive honor from the 
memorable occasion. 



ST. CECILIA 

will be fitly honored by the wonderful choral exercises 
which will supplement the martial strains of the 
military bands which attend the procession. 

Many have forgotten^ some never knew, the pro- 



28 THR world's colu-aibian exposition 

gramme of exercises with which our Philadelphia 
Centennial opened, so that it seems worth while to 
reproduce it. 

The procession mcliided such dignitaries as Dom 
Pedro, the Emperor of Brazil, embassies from Germany, 
Great Britain, Sweden, Japan, Austria, and France; 
the President of the United States, the Governors of 
various States, and a grand military escort. A care- 
fully selected orchestra rendered the Inauguration 
March after which Bishop Simpson of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church followed onr national custom of 
invoking the blessing of God npon the undertaking. 
Next a grand chorus rendered Whittier's hymn, begin- 
ning Our father's God from out whose hand. 

The Exposition Buildings were then formally turned 
over to the Commission after which Maryland was 
honored by the rendition of a cantata by the lamented 
Sidney Lanier. Finally the procession after the sing- 
ing of the Hallelujah Chorus defiles through the maze 
of buildings and as it passes out into the grounds, the 
Exposition is considered open to visitors. 

These exercises may seem somewhat lifeless to the 
leader, but when he remembers that they had for their 
setting vast crowds in a holiday humor, the various 
coloring of varied dress and architecture not far inferior 
to the plumage of the birds in a South American forest, 
the almost insect-like activity of countless throngs of 
sight-seers, the roll of drums, the blare of trumpets, 
the solemnity attending the conduct of formal exercises 
by great official dignitaries, and the volumes of soul- 
stirring choral music, the scene wall be' vitalized. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 29 

THE PEOCESSIO^ OF THE ]^ATIO]^TS. 

That we may realize the extent to which Americans 
will be enabled to enjoy the pleasures and treasures of 
the old worldj it should be borne in mind that official 
acceptance of the privilege of participating in the 
World's Columbian Exposition has been received from 
the leading countries of the civilized world. 

France, still the leader in the arts of design and 
fresh from the triumphs of 1888, will introduce us to a 
veritable Paris in America. 

Great Britain, the insular sovereign, will enable us 
to judge for ourselves of the degree and extent of her 
superiority. 

Germany, not content with the reputation gained by 
her scholars, will bring before us her achievements 
under the chancellorship of the great Bismarck. 

Spain was the first to discover America and con« 
nected with American history not solely by discovery 
and by the occupation of Florida, Mexico, Central 
America, and South America, but likewise by the 
leadership among nations which she then enjoyed in 
virtue of the wise administration of that woman without 
a peer — Queen Isabella. Spain will be represented at 
Chicago alike by memorials of the great Columbus, 
and by an adequate display of her later progress and 
prosperity. 

Japan — the Cipango of Marco Polo — will seek to 
enlarge her claim upon American sympathies and to 
still further acquaint us with her rare mastery of skill- 
ful work. 

China, the land of fable, the sole representative of a 



30 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

civilization wholly unlike our own, will educate us so 
that we shall no longer confound a Chinese mandarin 
with the Heathen Chinee whom Bret Harte has made 
so familiar to us. 

Mexico, the land of Cortes, the home of Montezuma, 
the scene of such frequent turbulence wdiile passing 
from the Spanish domination to the republic of the 
present will by its exhibits connect the past with the 
present. 

Honduras, Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, #and 
Nicaragua w^ill transport us to the mysteries of the age 
of the builders of Palenque and to the scene rendered 
memorable by the romantic experiences of the early 
Spanish adventurers. 

Peru and Chili will revive our recollections of the 
lost Inca civilization while they bring into sharp con- 
trast with it the civilization of the nineteenth cen- 
tury. 

Russia, always in sympathy with America although 
seeking an opposite solution of the political problem 
will bring Moscow and St. Petersburg to our very 
doors. 

Turkey, a dominion whose wealth, extent and 
general wretchedness most strikingly illnstrates the 
evils of the old civilization, will make common property 
its skill in domestic manufactures. 

Egypt, the land of the Ptolomies, the fountain of 
ancient learning, the home of the sphinx and pyramids, 
the realm of the renowned Cleopatra, and the pleasure- 
ground of the Oriental traveler, will carry us back to 
hoary antiquity. 

Algiers, long the land of the corsair, will exhibit 
the changes wrought by the modern idea. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 31 

Brazil, the sole American colony of the maritime 
Portuguese and so recently the dominion of Dom Pedro, 
will bring before our astonished eyes its wonders of 
nature and its triumphs of civilization. 

The Argentine Republic whose extent, wealth, and 
general prosperity are unsuspected by us in spite of 
our near vicinity, will turn our eyes southward. 

Cuba, whence sailed the ships of Cortes, Pizarro, 
and Ponce de Leon, and where in the famous city of 
Havana now rests the coffin of Christopher Columbus ; 
San Domingo the original burying place of America's 
discoverer and a French colony wrested from the 
Spaniard ; and all the group of islands which seemed to 
the excited imagination of Columbus the veritable 
Cathay, will contribute the story in the world's history. 

Australia, the New England of the Pacific, and 
India, the land of nature's most unstinted bounties, will 
likewise have their place in this grand pageant of the 
nations. 

Switzerland, the land of William Tell, has apart 
from its history and its scenery much to show in the 
way of watches and jewelry, and musical boxes. 

The Netherlands, won from the ocean and through- 
out their history illustrating the truth that peace hath 
her victories as well as war, has surprises in store in 
the matter of linen paper, woolens, silk velvets, and 
pipes for the jolly smoker. 

Belgium has its Flanders linens, its Brabant lace^ 
its Tournay carpets and porcelain, its Vervier's cloth, 
its Brussels carriages, its Namur cutlery, and the 
products of the foundries and machine shops at Liege. 

Turkey has its hand wrought carpets and rugs, its 
embroideries, and the products of its tanneries, besides 



32 THE AVORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

the many curious evolutions of customs, architecture, 
and costume. 

China, ever old and ever new ; China, visited by 
Marco Polo, and the scene of many an exploit by 
Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch sailors ; China, which 
to-day stands in marked contrast to the civilization of 
the west, accepting but so much thereof as she thinks 
wise to graft upon her time-honored mstitutions ; 
China can but delight the eyes and fascinate the imag- 
ination of the most careless visitor to the Exposition. 
In the arts which are necessary to comfort and which 
minister to luxury China has much to teach us. Her 
mines are known to furnish every metal except plati- 
num ; her silks are coveted by all women ; her porcelain 
is yet unrivaled by the skillful artists of Europe ; her 
fans, card-cases, seals, snuff-boxes, combs, chessmen 
and tortoise-shell ornaments form a much more attract- 
ive article of commerce than her teas, which now keep 
fragrant her memory among all civilized peoples. 

Japan, reaching back far into the past, has become 
quite an important factor in modeyi life. We are 
familiar with the japanned ware and the various in- 
genious curiosities which find their way into the homes 
of all but the very poor. But we may not know that 
Japan holds high rank for her work in iron and 
copper and steel ; that she is a successful manufacturer 
of thermometers, watches, clocks, and even of teles- 
copes ; that her swords and daggers rival the steel of 
Damascus. 

Among the Exhibits of Japan which are likely to 
interest the sight-seer and the reflecting student, w^ill 
be two buildings representing very early forms of 
Japanese architecture, the Monastery of Kiota built in 
1397, and the Hoodo which dates back to 1052. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 33 

Persia still possesses its wonderful collection of crown 
jewels, and its industries in the direction of deftly 
woven rugs and carpets suggest modern interests apart 
from the charm which its history has alike for the 
student and for the lover of romance. 

India the inexhaustible source of history which reads 
like legend ; the land whose spoils have enriched so 
many conquerors without impoverishing its own native 
princes ; whose religion is professed by countless mill- 
ions while it has given to the civilized world the rare 
poems of Sir Edwin Arnold and the theology of the 
theosophists ; whose forests still the abode of fierce 
wild beasts have come to be the hunting grounds of the 
most adventurous, whose instinct of devotion is such as 
to have drawn thither the missionaries of all peoples : 
India great and mysterious in its antiquity and potent 
and eminent in modern life has resources in itself 
adequate to an Exposition. 

Egypt the land of the Ptolomies the fountain of 
ancient learning, the home of the sphinx and of 
pyramids, the realm of the world-renowned Cleopatra, 
and the pleasure-ground of the Oriental traveler, the 
scene of such striking events in the world's history will 
bring to our minds the forgotten glories of the past 
while it makes display of the resources of the present. 
The fertility of the soil and the diversity of population 
prevent her competition in the direction of labor-saving 
machinery, for instead of the steam plough, the plough 
of the ancient monuments still continues in use. Her 
industries are confined to Tanning, Pottery, Cotton, 
Silk, "Wool, Sugar, Indigo, Cordage, and Gunpowder, 
but her architecture, and costumes, can be represented 



34 THE wokld's COLUMBIAX EXrOSlTlON 

while photographic art can put before iis her monuments 
and her scenery. 

Spain apart from her memorials of discovery and 
conquest in the ISTew World ; in addition to herilhistra- 
tions of her domination by Roman, Carthaginian, and 
Moor; has still her mines of lead, of quicksilver, of 
copper, of zinc, of coal, of calamine, of cobalt, of 
bismuth, of antimony, of tin, of graphite, of alum, of 
sulphur, of saltpetre and of mercury. Her quarries 
still yield marble, and alabaster, and jasper. Her 
treasures of rubies, and topazes, "and amethysts, and 
garnets are still unexhausted. And in Art Spain has 
not simply paintings by great masters of the past but 
her modern school of artists holds high rank in the 
judgment of the fanciers of art. 

Germany can appeal not solely to the love of father- 
land nor only to her supremacy in matters scholarly, 
but apart from the treasures accumulated during her 
long historical career she can show us much in the 
matter of modern industries. Her mines still produce 
gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, rock salt, alum, lead, 
litharge, cobalt, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, mercury 
and sulphur. Her springs still bubble over with health- 
giving waters whose virtues are known even in our 
own country. The effervescence of her vine-clad hills 
is abundantly shipped to this country as an article of 
commerce. Her manufactures of linen and woolen, of 
cotton and silk and of leather, are such as to compete 
with countries better known to us ; her working in 
metals is not confined to the death-dealing cannon of 
the famous Krupp ; her work in the direction of musical 
instruments and children's toys is known everywhere. 

Great Britain will be fully represented at Chicago 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. oO 

and so genuine is her interest that already are begun 
complete collections representing' her minerals and her 
possessions of interest to the man of science. 

But her fisheries and her manufactures of cotton and 
woolen, and linen, and silk and iron form her great 
interests outside of the Department of the Liberal Arts 
in which upon questions political, social, literary and 
scientific her voice will be distinctly heard. 

France, the earliest to see the value of Expositions 
and the latest in the field has given assurance that 
although like Laboulaye unable to transport Paris to 
America she will exhibit her wonders of skillful con- 
trivance. No longer need we depend upon the accident 
of a fashionable wedding for which the bride has 
ordei'ed her trousseau of Worth ; for we may see for 
ourselves the rarest fabrics of silk, and broadcloth, 
and muslin, and lace. We may at least feast oiu' eyes 
upon visions of dainty gloves and delicate hosiery. 
We may revel in objects de vertu et bijouterie, until 
we realize that it is indeed an art to please and when 
we add her priceless possessions in the arts of the 
painter, the sculptor, the pngraver, and the composer, 
we may sigh not for more worlds to conquer, but for 
longer life in which to appreciate the royal resources at 
our command. 



/ 

36 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



THE ADMIIS^STEATIOIS^ BUILDIIS^G. 

By popular verdict the Administration Building 
IS pronounced the gem and crown of the Exposition 
Buildings. It is located at the west end of the great 
court in the southern part of the site, looking eastward, 
and at its rear are the transportation facilities and 
depot. The object most conspicuous which will attract 
the gaze of visitors on reaching the grounds is the 
Crilded Dome of this great building. This great edifice 
€Ost about $550,000. The architect is Richard M. 
Hunt, of jSTew York, President of the American Insti- 
tute of Architects, to whose established reputation it 
is a notable contribution. It covers an area of 250 
feet square and consists of four pavilions 84 feet square, 
one at each of the four angles of the square and con- 
nected by a great central dome 120 feet in diameter 
and 220 feet in height, leaving at the center of each 
facade a recess 82 feet wide, within which are the 
grand entrances to the building. The general design 
is in the style of the French renaissance. The first 
great story is in the Doric order, of heroic proportions, 
surrounded by lofty balustrade and having the great 
tiers of the angle of each pavilion crowned with 
sculpture. The second story, with its lofty and 
spacious colonnade, is of the Ionic order. 

Externally the design may be divided in its height 
into three principal stages. The first stage consists of 
the four pavihons, corresponding in height with the 
various buildings grouped about it, Avhich are about 65 




irr m^i^^n. .#iill 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 39 

feet high. The second stage, which is of the same 
height, is a continuation of the central rotunda, 175 
feet square, surrounded on all sides by an open colon- 
nade of noble proportions, 20 feet wide and 40 feet 
high, with columns 4 feet in diameter. This colonnade 
is reached by staircases and elevators from the four 
principal halls and is interrupted at the angles by 
corner pavilions, crowned with domes and groups of 
statuary. The third stage consists of the base of the 
great dome, 30 feet in height, and octagonal in form, 
and the dome itself. This great dome is gilded, and 
forms a fitting crown to the first and second stages of 
the magnificent edifice. 

The four great entrances, one on each side of the 
building, are 50 feet wide and 50 feet high, deeply 
recessed and covered by semi-circular arched vaults, 
richly coffered. In the rear of these arches are the 
entrance doors, and above them great screens of glass, 
giving light to the central rotunda. Across the face of 
these screens, at the level of the office floor, are 
galleries of communication between the different 
pavilions. 

The interior features of this great building even 
exceed in beauty and splendor those of the exterior. 
Between every two of the grand entrances, and con- 
necting the intervening pavilion with the great rotunda, 
is a hall or loggia, 30 feet square, giving access to the 
offices and provided with broad, circular stairways and 
swift running elevators. Internally, the rotunda is 
octagonal in form, the first story being composed of 
eight enormous arched openings, corresponding in size 
to the arches of the great entrances. Above these 
arches is a freize, 27 feet in width, the panels of which 



40 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

are filled with tablets, borne by figures carved in low 
relief and covered with commemorative inscriptions. 

Above the balcony is a second story, 50 feet in height. 
From the top of the cornice of this story rises the interior 
dome, 200 feet from the floor, and in the center is an 
opening 50 feet in diameter, transmitting a flow of fight 
from the exterior dome overhead. The under side 
of the dome is enriched with deep panefings richly 
moulded, and the panels are filled with sculpture, in 
low relief, and immense paintings, representing the arts 
and sciences. In size this rotunda rivals, if it does not 
surpass, the most celebrated domes of a similar char- 
acter in the world. 

Each of the corner pavilions, which are four stories 
in height, is divided into large and small offices for the 
various Departments of the Administration, and lobbies 
and toilet rooms. The ground floor contains in one 
pavilion, the Fire and Police Departments, v/ith cells 
for the detention of prisoners ; in a second pavilion are 
the offices of the Ambulance Service, the Physician 
and Pharmacy, the Foreign Department and the Infor- 
mation Bureau ; in the third pavilion the Post-Office 
and a Bank, and in the fourth the offices of Public 
Comfort and a restaurant. The second, third and 
fourth stories contain the Board rooms, the Committee 
rooms, the rooms of the Director-Greneral, the Depart- 
ment of Publicity and Promotion, and of the United 
States Columbian Commission. 

THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. 

President Thomas W. Palmer.. Michigan. 

1st Vice-Pres't Thomas M. Waller Connecticut. 

2d Vice-Pres't M. H. DeYoung. California. 

3d Vice-Pres't Davidson B. Penn Louisiana. 

4th Vice - Pres' t Gorton W. Allen New York. 

5th Vice-Pres't Alexander B. Andrews..... North Carolina. 

Secretary John T. Dickinson Texas. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 41 

THE AGEICULTUEAL BUILDIN^G. 

McKim, Meade and White, of 'New York, are the 
architects who designed the Agricultural Building, — 
one of the most magnificent of the Exposition Build- 
ings. The style is Classic Renaissance. The building 
stands near the lake shore and is almost surrounded 
by the lagoons which lead from the Park to the Lake. 
It is 800 feet from east to west, and 500 feet from north 
to south. The north line fronts upon the Pier and 
Casino : the east front faces a harbor alive with the 
craft of the pleasure-seekers : the west looks upon a 
continuation of the northern lagoon. 

On either side of the main entrance are mammoth 
Corinthian pillars, fifty feet in height and five feet in 
diameter. On each corner as well as at the center 
rise pavilions, the central one being one hundred and 
forty-five feet square. Curtains connect the corner 
pavilions wdth the main building, so that there is formed 
B> continuous arcade around the building. 

The main entrance, sixty- four feet in wddth, leads 
into a vestibule whence one passes into a rotunda w^hose 
diameter is one hundred feet, and which is surmounted 
by a mammoth glass dome, one hundred and thirty feet 
in height. The vestibule is adorned w^ith statuary 
-designed to illustrate agricultural industry, and the 
main entrances likewise are furnished elaborately with 
similar groups. The corner pavilions are crowned by 
domes ninety-six feet high, above which tower groups 
of statuary, the design being that of three female 
figures, herculean in proportions, which support an 
immense globe. 

The Agricultural Building covers more than nine 
acres, while the Dairy and Forestry Buildings add 6.2 



42 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

acres and the total cost has been a million of dollars. 

South of the Ag-ricultiiral Building- there is yet an 
annex devoted to the uses of an Agricultural Assembly 
Hall and to the exhibition of Live Stock. On the first 
floor, near the main entrance, is located a Bureau of 
Information which will furnish visitors with all required 
information in regard to the Agricultural Exhibits, or 
indeed in regard to the other features of the Exposition. 

There are likewise on the same floor, convenient 
committee rooms for the various Live Stock associations, 
and handsomely equipped waiting rooms for ladies, 
lounging rooms for gentlemen, and ample toilet 
facilities ; the vicinity of a station of the elevated rail- 
way still further increases the facilities at the disposition 
of the visitor. 

Broad stairways lead from the first floor to the 
assembly room which has a seating capacity of 1500, 
and furnishes facilities for lectures by specialists which 
will rationalize, illuminate, and render profitable the 
agricultural exhibits. When we call to mind the fact 
that the improvements in agricultural science alone 
rendered possible the support of the Union Army in the 
field during the Civil War, it willat once become evident 
that a calling which in its present stage is so wholly 
dependent upon the work of the biologist, the chemist, 
and the machinist has special need of presenting its 
exhibits in the order of evolution and in supplementing 
its material wealth by papers from theoretical farmers. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 42 



CASINO A^D PIEE. 



The Pier is eighty feet wide and extends one thousand 
feet out into Lake Michigan from the eastern extremity 
of the Grand Court, or avenue running from the Ad- 
ministration Building to the Lake. The shore on 
either side of the Pier furnishes broad and beautiful 
promenades which naturally will be thronged by thous- 
ands while resting from their sight-seeing in the 
Exposition Buildings. 

The Casino will stand at the extremity of the Pier 
thus furnishing the advantages of an insular position m 
Lake Michigan while at the same time insming the 
proper perspective for the Exposition Buildings which 
the magic wand of industry will evoke along the; 
shore. 

The Casino itself is a composite structure planned by- 
Burling and Whitehouse, architects of Chicago, and 
embraces nine pavilions. It is a reproduction on a 
small scale of the far-famed city of gondolas, Venice^ 
and the Venetian style of its architecture still further 
encourages the illusion. Its dimensions will be 180 by 
400 feet, and it will rest upon piles. The central 
pavilion will rise to the height of 180 feet, while the 
others will be two stories in height, rising eighty feet 
above the waters of the Lake. Communication between 
the pavilions will be both by gondolas and by bridges^ 
so that the visitor may at his pleasure give himself up 
to the romances of history, or exhibit the more prosaic 
spirit of modern rapid transit. 

Around the central pavilion runs a gallery fifty-six: 
feet in width : at the west end of the Pier stand St.. 



44 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Gandens' Thirteen Original States — works in sculpture 
designed for the World's Columbian Exposition. 

In front of the Casino is a harbor for pleasure craft 
which by night is illuminated by incandescent lamps 
sunk beneath the water. 

Here in the Casino the visitor may sit at his ease, 
fanned by the fresh Lake breezes, soothed by strains of 
excellent music, provided at pleasure with the choicest 
viands and refreshments, and having his comfort en- 
hanced by the multitudinous dancing craft, the mighty 
steamers furrowing the waters of Lake Michigan, the 
magnificent spectacle afforded by the Exposition Build- 
ings, or by the restless passing to and fro of the count- 
less thousands upon the shore and upon the Pier. 

Those especially whom necessity or preference com- 
pels to visit the World's Columbian Exposition when 
fans have replaced wraps and the meditative charms of 
a grate fire have been succeeded by ardent yearnings 
for an arctic temperature, will enjoy the luxurious re- 
treat furnished by the Casino and Pier. Those, too, 
w^hose age inclines them to romance and to what the 
song-writer describes as ^' fairy moonlight " will enjoy 
the very superlative of such enjoyments ; for with the 
added chorus of good music whose distance is regu- 
lated by the changing pleasure of the hearer, there will 
be left no occasion for coveting the Elysium of 
Mohammed, So, too, the epicure and the gourmet 
will be able to feast all of his senses at once and to 
imaofine himself imitatino' the most riotous of Poman 
Emperors, or the most capricious diner-out. The 
lover of scenery will have on the one hand the Venetian- 
like scene of gliding gondolas and other pleasure craft 
and the more impressive but none the less lively out- 
look upon Lake Michigan where the great ships and 
steamers furrow their pathwa}^ On the other hand 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE, 45 

will be the buildings of the World's Columbian 
Exposition representing the skill of man and charming 
by their magnificence and variety. 



THE ELECTKICAL BUILDING. 

The Electrical Building is 351 feet wide and 767 feet 
long, the major axis running north and south. The 
south front is on the great Quadrangle or Court ; the 
north front faces the Lagoon ; the east front is opposite 
the Manufactures Building, and the west faces the 
Mines Building. 

The general scheme of the plan is based upon a 
longitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, 
crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width 
and height. The nave and the transept have a pitched 
roof with a range of skylights at the bottom of the 
pitch and clearstory windows. The rest of the building 
is covered with a flat roof, averaging 62 feet in height 
and provided with skylights. 

The second story is composed of a series of galleries 
connected across the nave by two bridges, with access 
by four grand staircases. The area of the galleries in 
the second story is 118,446 square feet, or 2.7 acres. 

The exterior walls of this building are composed of a 
continuous Corinthian order of pilasters 3 feet 6 inches 
wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature, 
and resting upon a stylobate 8 feet 6 inches. The total 
height of the walls from the grade outside is 68 feet 6 
inches. 



4G THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

The north pavilion is placed between the two great 
apsidal or semi-circular projections of the building ; it 
is flanked by two towers 195 feet high. The central 
feature is a great semi-circular window, above which, 
102 feet from the ground, is a colonnade forming an 
open loggia or gallery, commanding a view over the 
Lagoon and all the north portion of the grounds. 

The east and west central pavilions are composed of 
two towers, 168 feet high. In front of these two 
pavilions there is a great portico composed of the 
Corinthian order with full columns. 

The south pavilion is a hemicycle or niche, 78 feet 
in diameter and 103 feet high. The opening of this 
niche is framed by a semi-circular arch, which is crowned 
by a gable or pediment with smaller gables on the 
returns, and surmounted by an atic, the whole reaching 
the height of 112 feet. In the center of this niche, 
upon a lofty pedestal, is a colossal statue of Franklin, 
whose illustrious name intimately connects the early 
history of the Republic with one of the most important 
discoveries in the phenomena of electricity. 

At each of the four corners of the building there is a 
pavilion, above which rises a light open spire or tower, 
169 feet high. Intermediate between these corner 
pavilions and the central pavilions on the east and west 
sides, there is a subordinate pavilion bearing a low, 
square dome upon an open lantern. There are thus 
ten spires and four domes. The entablature of the 
great Corinthian order breaks around each of the 
pilasters of the four fronts, and above each pilaster in 
the Attic order is a pedestal bearing a lofty mast for 
the display of banners by day and electric lights by 
night. Of these masts there are in all fifty-four. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 47 

The first story of the building is indicated in these 
facades between the great pilasters of the Corinthian 
order, by a subordinate Ionic order, with full columns 
and pilasters, forming an open screen in front of the 
windows. 

The Electricity Building has an open portico extend- 
ing along the whole of the south facade, the lower or 
Ionic order forming an open screen in front of it. The 
various subordinate pavilions are treated with windows 
and balconies. The details of the exterior orders are 
richly decorated, and the pediments, friezes, panels and 
spandrils have received a decoration of figures in relief , 
with architectural motifs, the general tendency of 
which is to illustrate the purposes of the building. 

The color of the exterior is like marble, but the walls 
of the hemicycle and of the various porticos and loggia 
are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these 
places being decorated with scagliola and the capitals 
with metallic effects in bronzco 

In the design of this building it was proposed by the 
architects to so devise its details and general outlines 
that they might be capable of providing an electric 
illumination by night on a scale hithei'to unknown, the 
flag-staffs, the open porticos, and the towers, especially, 
being arranged with this in view. Van Brunt and 
Howe, of Kansas City, are the architects. 

It was proposed that the hemicycle or niche which 
forms the south porch should have either a great 
chandelier or crown of lights suspended from the center 
of the half dome, or should be provided with electric 
lights masked behind the triumphal arch which forms 
the opening of the niche. 



48 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



THE FISHERIES BUILDLN'G. 

Pictured on the opposite page is the Fisheries Build- 
ing, including the two smaller polygonal buildings 
connected with the main building on either end by 
arcades. The extreme length of the building is 1,100 
feet, and the width 200 feet. It is built on a banana- 
shaped island and sub- divided into three parts to con- 
foi'm to the shape of the site. 

In the central portion is the general Fisheries Exhibit. 
In one of the polygonal buildings is the Angling Ex- 
hibit, and in the other the Aquaria. The exterior of 
the building is Spanish-Romanesque, wdiich contrasts 
agreeably in appearance with the other buildings. 

The Fish Exhibit is a wonderful one, and not the 
least interesting portion of it is the Aquarial or Live 
Fish display. This is contained in a circular building, 
135 feet in diameter, standing near one extremity of the 
main Fisheries Building and in a great curved corridor 
connecting the two. 

In the center of the circular building is a rotunda 60 
feet in diameter, in the middle of which is a basin or 
pool 26 feet wide, from which rises a towering mass of 
rocks covered with moss and lichens. From clefts and 
crevices in the rocks crystal streams of water gush and 
drop to the masses of reeds, rushes, and ornamental 
semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool 
gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench, and 
other fishes disport. From the rotunda one side of the 
larger series of aquaria may be vieAved. These are ten 
in number and have a capacity of 7,000 to 27,000 gal- 
lons of water each. 




12 

CO 



CC 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 51 

Passing out of the rotunda by the entrances, a great 
corridor or arcade is reached, where on one hand can 
be viewed the opposite side of the series of great tanks 
and on the other a hue of tanks somewhat smaller, 
ranging from 750 to 1,500 gallons each in capacity. 
The corridor or arcade is about 15 feet wide. The 
glass fronts of the Aquaria are in length about 575 feet 
and have 3,000 square feet of surface. They make a 
panorama never before seen in any exhibition, and rival 
the great permanent aquariums of the world not only 
in size but in all other respects. 

The total water capacity of the Aquaria, exclusive of 
reservoirs, is- 18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. 
This weighs 1,192,425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. 
Of this amount about 40,000 gallons is devoted to the 
Marine Exhibit. In the entire salt water circulation, 
including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 gallons. 
The pumping and distributing plant for the Marine 
Aquaria is constructed of volcanite. The pumps are in 
duplicate and each has a capacity of 3,000 gallons per 
hour. The supply of sea water was secured by evap- 
orating the necessary quantity at the Woods Holl 
station of the United States Fish Commission to about 
one-fifth its bulk, thus reducing both quantity and 
weight for transportation about 80 per cent. The 
fresh water required to restore it to its proper density 
was supplied from Lake Michigan. 

In transporting the marine fishes to Chicago from 
the coast there was an addition of probably 3,000 gallons 
of pure sea water to supply on each trip. Every visitor 
will take a deep interest in the Fisheries Exhibit. 

The aquarium wherever forming part of an exposi- 
tion has been an object of popular interest even if it 



52 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

be more difficult to calculate its value to those who 
desire to promote pisciculture. At Chicago there will 
be one aquarium twenty-six feet in diameter, and ten 
smaller auxiliaries. Here will be gathered, so far as 
possible, representatives of all the finny tribe, and the 
angler, the student of zoology, and the curious child 
may expect to find in this single exhibit ample repay- 
ment for their visit to the City by the Lake. 

The sportsman and the epicure will look, will delight 
upon the Muskalonge, the Lake Trout, the Salmon, the 
Brook Trout, the Spanish Mackerel, the White Fish, 
Bass of various species, the Weak Fish, the Sheeps- 
liead, the Blue Fish. 

The imaginative reader will have recalled to his mind 
many a thrilling incident, for he will see before him the 
fierce Shark, the Octopus, the Ray, the Sword Fish, 
Electric Eel, and other monarchs of the finny tribe. 

The curious will give their attention to the curious 
fish such as the Torpedo, the Sea-Robin, the Anemone, 
the Mississippi Catfish, the Alligator Gar, the Dog 
Fish, the Goose Fish, the Drum, the Sculpin, the 
Sea Raven, the Sea Horse. 

Then there will be the Carp, the Sun Fish, the 
Mullet, the Mollusks, Sturgeon, the Buffalo, the 
Spoonbill Catfish. 

But the Fisheries Department will by no means stop 
with filling its aquarium : the expatriated fish will have 
their usual environment supplied by the art of man, 
and algae, and aquatic plants will create at least a 
verisimilitude to their native waters. Sea-urchins, sea- 
cucumbers, the industrious and tiny coral insect, and 
other inhabitants of the vast deep will learn at Chicago 
how the art of man can create an ocean in the midst of 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 53 

"the prairie quite as well as the patient Hollander could 
wrest his flourishing territory from the dominion of the 
sea. But to accomplish the objects which justify the 
continuous efforts of the Fish Commission something- 
beyond pleasurable surprise must be excited. Hence 
there will be displayed every step in that process of 
pond culture which is our only hope of repairing the 
loss caused by the wasteful spoliation of unreflecting 
and ignorant men. In America every farmer may, if 
he will, imitate the emperors of yore and be served 
with the choicest fish from his own domains. 

Still there are yet other attractions so numerous as 
to make one think that the whole time at his command 
could profitably be sj^ent in the study of this single 
exhibit. The American has always been a lover of 
sport and the angler will find at The World's Columbian 
Exposition the most complete collection of all that 
pertains to the art. Fishing tackle from the primitive 
thread and bent pin up to the latest improvement upon 
the neatly jointed split bamboo. Every style of fishing 
camp and fishing outfit ; hooks which represent as great 
variety in size and use as the Corliss and the pigmy 
engines of the Philadelphia Centennial ; fishing lines 
of silk, of cotton, of flax, and of hair, and varying from 
the most slender filament to the piscatorial cables 
required for holding the fiercest shark; spears, nets, 
torches, and all similar devices for dealing with fish 
which refuse to rise to the hook ; every variety of bait, 
especially the infinite varieties of artificial flies ; these 
objects will form a collection which will please by its 
brilliant beauty even those whose sole associations with 
fishing consist of tiresome stories tediously told. 

Furthermore the Department has accepted the 



54 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

scientific presentation by the " Comparative Study of 
Evolution," so that one may expect to trace the devel- 
opment of the art from the first rude efforts of pre- 
historic man down to the most complete outfit of the 
modern ]N^imrod whose expenditures have 210 limit but 
his fanci-es. 

Still further to provide information for the ignorant 
and to promptly settle the controversies which are ever 
arising between enthusiastic votaries of the piscatorial 
art, there will be a library sufficiently complete to 
furnish the authoritative works of reference as well as 
those graceful meditations which have embalmed the 
name of Izaak Walton. 

Then too that the dull fancies of visitors may be 
stimulated to inquiry there will be the best that art 
can furnish in the way of paintings, engravings, draw- 
ings, models, and photographs. 

"What promise could be more charming for one w^ho 
would escape for a brief moment from the corroding 
cares of daily life, and enjoy to the full the joys which 
inspired the writings of the good old English angler? 



THE FOEESTRY BUILDIIS^G. 

The Forestry Building is in appearance the most 
unique of all the Exposition structures. Its dimensions 
are 200 by 500 feet. To a remarkable degree its 
architecture is of the rustic order. On all four sides of 
the building is a veranda, supporting the roof of which 
is a colonnade consisting of a series of coluums com- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 55 

posed of three tree-trunks each 25 feet m length, one 
of them from 16 to 20 inches in diameter and the 
other smaller. All of these trunks are left in their 
natural state, with bark undisturbed. They are con- 
tributed by the different States and Territories of the 
Union and by foreign countries, each furnishing spec- 
imens of its most characteristic trees. The sides of! 
the building are constructed of slabs with the bark 
removed. The window frames are treated in the same 
rustic manner as is the rest of the building. The main 
entrances are elaborately finished in different kinds of 
wood, the material and workmanship being contributed 
by several prominent lumber associations. The roof 
is thatched with tan and other barks. The visitor can 
make no mistake as to the kinds of tree-trunks which 
form the colonnade, for he Avill see upon each a tablet 
upon which is inscribed the common and scientific 
name, the State or country from which the trunk was 
contributed, and other pertinent information, such as 
the approximate quantity of such timber in the region 
whence it came. Surmounting the cornice of the 
veranda and extending all around the building are 
numerous fiagstaffs bearing the colors, coats-of-arms, 
etc., of the nations and States represented in the 
exhibits inside. 



THE AET PALACE. 



Grecian-Ionic in style, this building is a pure type 

of the most refined classic architecture. The building 

is oblong and is 500 by 320 feet, intersected north, 

cast, south and west by a great nave and transept 100 

4 



56 THE world's COLUMBIA?^ EXPOSITION 

feet wide and 70 feet high, at the intersection of 
which is a great dome 60 feet in diameter. The build- 
ing is 125 feet to the top of the dome, which is 
surmounted by a colossal statue of the type of famous 
figures of winged victory. The transept has a clear 
space through the center of 60 feet, being lighted 
entirely from above. 

On either side are galleries 20 feet wide, and 24 feet 
above the floor. The collections of the sculpture are 
displayed on the main floor of the nave and transept, 
and on the walls of both the ground floor and of. the 
galleries are ample areas for displaying the paintings 
and sculptured panels in relief. The corners made by 
the crossing of the nave and transept are filled with 
small picture galleries. 

Around the entire building are galleries 40 feet 
wide, forming a continuous promenade around the 
classic structure. Between the promenade and the 
naves are the smaller rooms devoted to private collec- 
tions of paintings and the collections of the various art 
schools. On either side of the main building are 
several one-storied annexes, divided into large and 
small galleries. These annexes are 120 by 200 feet 
wide. 

The main building is entered by four great portals, 
richly ornamented Avith architectural sculpture, and 
approached by broad flights of steps. The walls of 
the loggia of the colonnades are highly decorated with 
mural paintings, illustrating the history and progress 
of the arts. The frieze of the exterior walls and the 
pediments of the principal entrances are ornamented 
with sculptures and portraits in bas-relief of the masters 
of ancient art. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 57 

The general tone or color is light gray stone. 

The construction, although of a temporary character, 
is necessarily fire-proof. The main walls are of solid 
brick, covered with '^ staff, ^' architecturally ornamented, 
while the roof, floors and galleries are of iron. 

All light is supplied through glass sky-lights in iron 
frames. 

The building is located beautifully in the northern 
})ortion of the Park, with the south front facing the 
Lagoon. It is separated from the Lagoon by beautiful 
terraces, ornamented with balustrades, with an immense 
flight of steps leading down from the main portal to 
the Lagoon, where there is a landing for boats. The 
north front faces the wide lawn and tlie group of State 
buildings. The immediate neighborhood of the build- 
ing is ornamented with groups of statues, replica 
ornaments of classic art, such as the Choriagic monu- 
ment, the " Cave of the Winds," and other beautiful 
examples of Grecian art. The ornamentation also 
includes statues of heroic and life-size proportions. 

This building cost between |500,000 and $600,000. 

The Art Palace was planned in the "World's Fair 
Construction Department under the eye of Supervising 
Architect D. H. Burnham, and the details worked out 
by Chief Designer P. B. Atwood; the annex is sub- 
stantially, in its facade at least, the outline plan, left 
by the late consulting architect, George W. Koot. 

The Department of Fine Arts has been subdivided 
so as to represent the interests included under 
Architectural Progress, Monumental Decoration, Civil 
Engineering, Public Buildings, Private Buildings, 
Foundations and Estimates, and Working Plans for 
Mason, Carpenter, and Painter. 



58 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



THE GOYEKN^MENT BUILDHSTG. 

The Government Building will in its architecture 
follow the Grecian stjde which characterizes the finest 
of the Federalbuildings. Its dimensions will be 420x350 
feet and its dome will have a height 150 feet and a 
diameter of 120 feet. It will provide quarters for the 
exhibits from the War Department, the Bureau of 
Agriculture, the Treasury Department, and the Post- 
office Department. 



HOETICULTUKAL BUILDING. 

Immediately south of the entrance to Jackson Park 
from the Midway Plaisance, and facing east on the 
lagoon, is the Horticultural Building. In front is a 
flower terrace for outside exhibits, including tanks for 
]^ymphsea and the Victoria Regia. The front of the 
terrace, with its low parapet between large vases, 
borders the water, and at its center forms a boat 
landing. 

The building is 1,000 feet long, with an extreme 
width of 250 feet. The plan is a central pavilion with 
two end pavilions, each connected with the central one 
by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, 
each 88 by 270 feet. These courts are beautifully 
decorated in color and planted with ornamental 
shrubs and flowers. The center of the pavilion is 
roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet in diameter and 
113 feet high, under which are exhibited the tallest 



^rT^: 




-mff ' ^ 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 61 

palms, bamboos, and tree ferns that can be procured. 
There are galleries in each of the payilions. The 
galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes, 
the situation and the surroundings being particularly 
adapted to recreation and refreshment. These cafes 
are surrounded by an arcade on three sides from which 
charming views of the grounds can be obtained. 

In this building are exhibited all the varieties of 
flowers, plants, vines, seeds, horticultural implements, 
etc. Those exhibits requiring sunshine and light are 
shown in the rear curtains, where the roof is entirely 
of glass and not too far removed from the plants. 
The front curtains and space under the galleries are 
designed for exhibits that require only the ordinary 
amount of light. Provision is made to heat such parts 
as require it. 

The exterior of the building is in '^ staff," tinted in 
a soft warm buff, color being reserved for the interior 
and the courts. 

The cost of this building was about $300,000. W. 
L. B. Jenny, of Chicago, is the architect. 



THE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL 
ARTS BUILDING. 

Notable for its symmetrical proportions, the Manu- 
factures and Liberal Arts Building is the mammoth 
structure of the Exposition. It measures 1,688 by 788 
feet and covers more than 31 acres, being the largest 
Exposition building ever constructed. Within the 
building a gallery 50 feet wide extends around all four 



G2 THE world's columbtax expositiox 

sides adding more than eight acres to the floor space 
available for exhibits, and inaking it 40 acres m all. 
Projecting from this gallery are 86 smaller galleries, 12 
feet wide, from which visitors may survey the vast array 
of exhibits and the busy scene below. '' Columbia 
Avenue," 50 feet wide extends through the mammoth 
building longitudinally and an Avenue of like width 
crosses it at right angles at the center. The main roof 
is of h'on and glass and arches an area 385 by 1,400 
feet and has its ridge 150 feet from the ground. 

The Liberal Arts Building is in the Corinthian style 
of architecture and in point of being severely classic, 
excels nearly all of the other edifices.. The long array 
of columns and arches, which its facades present, is 
relieved from monotony by very elaborate ornamenta- 
tion. In this ornamentation female figures, symbolical 
of the various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous and 
very attractive part. 

Designs showing in relief the seals of the different 
States of the Union and of various Foreign Nations 
also appear in the ornamentation. These, of course, are 
gigantic in their proportions. The A gricultural Build- 
ing perhaps is the only one which has a more 
elaborately ornamental exterior than has this colossal 
structure. 

The exterior of the building is covered with " staff," 
which is treated to represent marble. The huge fluted 
columns and the immense arches are apparently of this 
beautiful material. The grand entrances at the corners 
of the building and midway at the sides consist of 
lofty arches in piers of elaborate design and ornamen- 
tation. There are numerous other entrances less 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 63 

The architect of this gigantic building, George B. 
Post, of New York, has been remarkably successful in 
giving architectural symmetry and effectiveness to the 
immense proportions with which he had to deal and his 
work stands as one of the marvels of the Exposition. 

The building occupies a most conspicuous place in 
the grounds. It faces the Lake, with only lawns and 
promenades between. Iforth of it is the United States 
Government Building, south the Harbor and in-jutting 
Lagoon, and west the Electrical Building and the 
Lagoon separating it from the Wooded island. 



THE MACHINEEY HALL. 

Machinery Hall, of which Peabody & Stearns, of 
Boston, are the architects, has been pronounced by 
many architects second only to the Administration 
Building in the magnificence of its appearance. This 
building measures 850x500 feet, and with the Machinery 
Annex and Power House, cost about $1,000,000. It 
is located at the extreme south end of the Park, mid- 
way between the shore of Lake Michigan and the west 
line of the Park. It is just south of the Administra- 
tion Building, and west and across a Lagoon from the 
Agricultural Building. The building is spanned by 
three arched trusses, and the interior presents the ap- 
pearance of three railroad train-houses side by side, 
surrounded on all of the four sides by a gallery 50 feet 
wide. The trusses are built separately, so that they 
can be taken down and sold for use as railroad train- 
houses. In each of these long naves there is an elevated 



G4 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

traveling crane running" from end to end of the buildings 
for the purpose of moving machinery. These plat- 
forms are built so that visitors may view from them 
the exhibits beneath. The power for this building is 
supplied from a power-house adjoming the south side 
of the building. The two exterior sides adjoining the 
Grand Court are rich and palatial in appearance. 

All of the buildings on this great plaza are designed 
with a view to making a grand background for display, 
and, in order to conform to the general richness of the 
court and add to the striking appearance, the two 
facades of the Machinery Hall on the court are rich 
with colonnades and other features. The design fol- 
lows classical models throughout, the detail being 
followed from the renaissance of Seville and other 
Spanish towns, as being appropriate to a Columbian 
celebration. An arcade on the first story admits 
passage around the buildings under cover, and as in all 
the other buildings, the front is formed of ''staff" 
colored to an attractive tone ; the ceilings are enriched 
with strong color. A colonnade with a cafe at either 
end forms the length between Machinery and Agricult- 
ural Halls, and in the center of this colonnade is an 
archway leading to the Cattle Exhibit. From this 
portico there extends a view nearly a mile in length 
down the Lagoon, and an obelisk and fountain in the 
Lagoon form the southern point of this vista. 

The Machinery Annex adjoins Machinery Hall on 
the west, and is an annex in fact, and not a detached 
structure as at first planned, with entrance by subways 
under the railway tracks. The Annex covers between 
four and Rve acres and increases the length of the 
Machinery building to nearly 1 ,400 feet, thus rendering 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 65 

it the second largest of all the Exposition structures, 
the great manufactures building alone exceeding it in 
size. 



THE TRAl^SPORTATIOJN^ BUILDIJSTG. 

Forming the Northern or Picturesque Quadrangle is 
a group of buildings of which the Transportation 
Building is one. It is situated at the southern end of 
the west flank and lies between the Horticultural and 
the Mines Building. Its axial relation is with the 
Manufactures Building on the east side of the Quad- 
rangle, the central feature of each of the t\70 buildings 
being on the same east and west line. 

The Transportation Building is exquisitely refined 
and simple in architectural treatment, although it is 
very rich and elaborate in detail. In style it savors 
much of the Romanesque, although to the initiated the 
manner in which it is designed on axial lines and the 
solicitude shown for fine proportions, and subtle rela- 
tion of parts to each other, will at once suggest the 
methods of composition followed at the Ecole des 
Beaux Arts. 

Viewed from the Lagoon, the cupola of the Trans- 
portation Building will form the effective southwest 
accent of the Quadrangle, while from the cupola itself, 
reached by eight elevators, the ^N^orthern Court, the 
most beautiful effect of the entire Exposition, may be 
seen in all its glory. 

The main entrance to the Transportation Building 
will consist of an immense single-arch enriched to an 
extraordinary degree with carvings, bas-reliefs and 



QQ THE AVOKLD'S COLU3LBIAX EXPOSITION 

mural paintings, the entire feature forming a rich and 
beautiful yet quiet color climax, for it is treated in 
leaf and is called the golden door. 

The remainder of the architectural composition falls 
into a just relation of contrast with the highly wrought 
entrance, and is duly quiet and modest though very 
broad in treatment. It consists of a continuous ar- 
cade with subordinated colonnade and entablature. 
Numerous minor entrances are from time to time 
pierced in the walls, and w^ith them are grouped ter- 
races, seats, drinking fountains and statues. 

The interior of the building is treated much after the 
manner of a Roman BasiHca, with broad nave and 
aisles. The roof is therefore in three divisions ; the 
middle one rises much higher than the others, and its 
walls are pierced to form a beautiful arcaded clear- 
story. The cupola, placed exactly in the center of the 
building and rising 165 feet above the ground, is 
reached by eight elevators. These elevators w^ill of 
themselves naturally form a part of the Transportation 
Exhibit, and as they will also carry passengers to 
galleries at various stages of height, a fine view of the 
interior of the building may easily be obtained. The 
main galleries of this building, because of the abundant 
placing of passenger elevators, will prove quite acces- 
sible to visitors. 

The main building of the Transportation Exhibit 
measures 960 feet front by 256 feet deep ; from this 
Avill extend westward to Stony Island avenue, a trian- 
gular Annex covering about nine acres, and consisting 
of one story buildings 64 feet wide, set side by side. 
There will be a railway track every 16 feet and all 
these tracks will run east and west. These Annex 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 67 

buildings may be used to exhibit an entire freight or 
passenger train coupled up with its engine. It is 
likely that the display of locomotive engines -will be 
quite stupendous, for they will be placed end on to the 
central avenue or nave of the main building. As there 
will probably be at least 100 engines exhibited, and 
placed so as to face each other, the perspective effect 
of the main avenue will be remarkably effective. Add 
to the effect of the exhibits the architectural impres- 
sion given by a long vista of richly ornamented colon- 
nade, and it may easily be imagined that the interior 
of the Transportation Building will be one of the most 
impressive of the Exposition. 

The exhibits to be placed in the building will natur- 
ally include everything of whatsoever name or sort 
devoted to the purpose of Transportation, and will 
range from a baby carriage to a mogul engine, from a 
cash conveyor to a balloon or carrier pigeon. Technic- 
ally, this exhibit will include everything comprised in 
Class G of the Official Classification. 

To assist in the placing of exhibits, a transfer railway 
with 75 foot tables will run the entire length of the 
structure and immediately west of the main building. 

The gross railroad earnings for 1889 are stated as 
one billion, six hundred and thirty-six thousand, five 
hundred and ninety-six dollars ; the nets, three hundred 
and twenty-two millions, two hundred and eighty-four 
thousand, nine hundred and eighty-six dollars. 

There will be exhibited every known means of 
transportation together with all the various appliances. 
In this connection it may be well to remind the reader 
of the great works in bridge building which have be- 
come famous. 



08 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



THE DAIRY BUILDi:^rG. 

The Dairy Building, by reason of the exceptionally 
novel and interesting exhibits it will contain, is quite 
sure to be regarded with great favor by World's Fair 
visitors in general, while by agriculturists it will be 
considered one of the most useful and attractive features 
of the whole Exposition. It was designed to contain 
not only a complete exhibit of dairy products, but also 
a Dairy School, in connection with which will be con- 
ducted a series of tests for determining the relative 
merits of different breeds of dairy cattle as milk and 
butter producers. 

The Building stands near the lake shore in the south- 
eastern part of the park, and close by the general live 
stock exhibit. It covers approximately half an acre, 
measuring 95x200 feet; is two stories high, and cost 
$30,000. In design it is of quiet exterior. On the first 
floor, besides office headquarters, there is in front a 
large open space devoted to exhibits of butter, and 
farther back an operating-room, 25x100 feet, in which 
the Model Dairy will be conducted. On two sides of 
this room are amphitheater seats capable of accommo- 
dating 400 spectators. Under these seats are refriger- 
ators and cold storage rooms for the care of the dairy 
products. The operating-room, which extends to the 
roof, has on three sides a gallery where the cheese ex- 
hibits will be placed. The rest of the second story is 
devoted to a cafe, which opens on a balcony overlook- 
ing the lake. 



N 



MAP OF 

jJA(;.J{SOpf FfiRf. 

IB Proposed Impr 

WOKLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 




THE WOMAN'S BUILDIISTG. 

Encompassed by luxuriant shrubs and beds of 
fragrant flowers, like a white silhouette against a back 
grpund of old and stately oaks, is seen the Woman's 
Building, situated in the northwestern part of the 
Park, separated by a generous distance from the Hor- 
ticultural Building on the one side, and the Illinois 
State Building on the other, and facing the great 
Lagoon with the Wooded Island as a vista. A more 
beautiful site could not have been selected for this 
daintily designed building. 

Amongst a great number of sketches submitted in 
competition for this building by women from all over 

(71) 



72 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

the land, it did not take the President of the Board of 
Lady Managers, Mrs. Potter Pahner, long, with her 
exquisite taste, to decide upon her choice. She quickly 
discovered in the sketch submitted by Miss Sophia G. 
Hay den that harmony of grouping and gracefulness of 
details which indicate the architectural scholar, and to 
her was awarded the first prize of a thousand dollars, 
and also the execution of the design. The second and 
third prizes were given respectively to Miss Lois L. 
Howe, of Boston, and Miss Laura Hayes, of Chicago, 
both fully deserving the honors conferred upon them. 

Miss Hayden, who, as a pupil in the architectural 
class in the School of Technology, in Boston, grad- 
uated with high honors, immediately went to Chicago 
and personally made the plans and elevations for the 
building. 

Directly in front of the building the Lagoon takes 
the form of a bay, about 400 feet in width. From the 
center of this bay a grand landing and staircase leads 
to a terrace six feet above the water. Crossing this 
terrace other staircases give access to the ground, four 
feet above, on which about 100 feet back, the building 
is situated. The first terrace is designed in artistic 
flower beds and low shrubs, forming, together with the 
creamy-white balustrades rising from the water's edge, 
and also in front of the second terrace, a charming 
foreground for the fine edifice. The principal facade 
has an extreme length of 400 feet, the depth of the 
building being half this distance, Italian renaissance is 
the style selected. Its delicacy of lines is well adapted 
to represent this temple for the fair sex. 

The main grouping consists of a center pavilion 
flanked at each end with corner pavilions connected 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 76 

in the first story by open arcades in the curtains, form- 
ing a shady promenade the whole length of the structure. 
The first story is raised about ten feet from the ground 
line, and a wide staircase leads to the center pavilion. 
This pavilion, forming the main triple arched entrance 
with an open colonnade in the second story, is furnished 
with a low and beautifully proportioned pediment en- 
riched with a highly elaborate bas-reUef . The corner 
pavilions, being like the rest of the building, two stories 
high, with a total elevation of 60 feet, have each an 
open colonnade added above the main cornice. Here 
are located the Hanging Gardens, and also the com- 
mittee rooms of the Board of Lady Managers. 

A lobby 40 feet wide leads into the open rotunda, 
70x65 feet, reaching through the height of the building 
and protected by a richly ornamented skylight. This 
rotunda is surrounded by a two story open arcade, as 
delicate and chaste in design as the exterior, the whole 
having a thoroughly Italian court-yard effect, admitting 
abundance of light to all rooms facing this interior 
space. On the first floor, on each side of the main 
entrance and occupying the entire space of curtains, 
are located, on the left hand, a model hospital, on the 
right a model kindergarten, each occupying 80x60 feet. 

The whole floor of the south pavilion is devoted to 
the retrospective exhibit, the one on the north to reform 
work and charity organization. Each of these floors is 
80x200 feet. The curtain opposite the main front con- 
tains the library, bureau of information, records, etc. 

In the second story, above the main entrance and 
curtains, are located ladies' parlors, committee rooms 
and dressing rooms, all leading to the open balcony in 
front, and commanding a splendid panorama of almost 



74 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

the entire ground. The whole second floor of the north 
pavihon incloses the great Assembly-room and Club- 
room. The first of these is provided with an elevated 
stage, where wise words will be heard from pretty lips. 
The south pavihon contains the model kitchen, refresh- 
ment rooms, reception rooms, etc. 

The building is constructed of ''staff," the same 
material used for the rest of the buildings, and as it 
stands w^ith its mellow, decorated walls, bathed in the 
bright sunshine, the w^omen of the country are justly 
p)roud of the result. 

Many have been the spheres assigned to woman, but 
it was reserved for America to appreciate that no suc- 
cessful solution of the question as to ''Woman's 
Mission" could be found unless woman herself dealt 
with the problem. We assume that women throughout 
the civilized world are interested in ascertaining their 
own capabilities and adaptations rather than in seeking 
to Establish a matriarchate to wrest from man the spoils 
of political or industrial life, or to secure any one of the 
numerous privileges sought. To us the various mani- 
festations of woman's self-assertion are symptoms of 
the unrest which attends periods of transition during 
Avhich the past is no guide to the present and the 
present no clear indication of the future. Women of 
genuine learning have been known since the days of 
the legendary Sappho; the universities during Spain's 
most palmy days of intellectual activity included in 
their faculties illustripus women. 

'^ A conscientious student of women's recognition in 
directions other than domestic furnishes the following 
evidences of women other than those who have sat on 

♦ Miss Kate E. Saughnessy, of St. Louis. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 75 

the throne having been recognized as co-workers with 
man. 

In the thirteenth century the chair of Philosophy at 
Bologna was filled by Accorca-Accorca. 

In 1236 Bettisia Gozzodini was created Doctor of 
Laws and wrote upon Philosophy, Law and Juris- 
prudence. 

In 1732 Laura Bassi received the degree of Doctor 
of Civil Law, maintained public discussions prior to her 
admission to the Academy of Science, became famous 
for a knowledge of mathematics and natural science, 
carried on for twenty-eight years a course of experi- 
ments in physics, and was invited by the Senate of the 
University to become its public lecturer, 

Gaetani Agnesi (fl. 1718-1799), sirnamed the Walk- 
ing Polyglot, was at thirteen thoroughly versed in 
Hebrew, Greek, Spanish, French, and other languages ; 
and later filled the Chair of Mathematics at the Univer- 
sity of Bologna. Her Analytical Institutes are said to 
have popularized Algebra in Italy, and were translated 
by Professor Colson of Cambridge University : it was 
pronounced by Fontenelle the highest authority upon 
its subject. 

In 1794 Clotilde Tambroni was Professor of Greek 
at the University of Bologna. 

In 1758 Donna Morandi Marzolini occupied the 
.Chair of Anatomy at Bologna, and notably advanced 
medical science by inventing and perfecting anatomical 
preparations in wax. 

In the fourteenth century Novella Calderini and 
Novella d' Andrea lectured on Law and Jurisprudence. 

Padua conferred a doctorate upon Elena Cornavo, 
poet, musician, linguist, mathematician and astronomer. 
5 



76 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

The well-known Mary Somerville gave in English an 
acceptable summary of LaPlace's Mecanique Celeste, 
wrote The Connection of the Physical Sciences, and a 
popular Physical Geography, earning for herself a 
foremost place among the votaries of science. 

Caroline Herschel disoovered eight comets, made all 
the reductions and mathematical calculations for hei 
more famous brother, and prepared the way for the 
work of Sir John by her Peduction and Arrangement 
in the Form of a Catalogue in zones of all the Star 
Clusters and ]Srebul9e observed by William Herschel. 
This effort met with such appreciation on the part of 
English savants that the Poyal Astronomical Society 
rewarded Miss Herschel with election as an honorary 
member, and with the award of its gold medal. 

Catherine Scarpellini prepared the earliest catalogue 
of meteors observed in Italy, and received distinguished 
notice from numerous scientific bodies because of her 
successful study of the probable influence of the moon 
upon earthquakes. 

The manikin, now regarded as indispensable for the 
lecturer upon physiology, was invented by Madame 
Du Coudray, who used it in her public lectures. 

]N^o name is better known in America than that of 
Miss Maria Mitchell, the astronomer. 

These names are mentioned as illustrations of the 
fact that woman's mental versatihty had been settled- 
long before such popular discussions as those to be 
found in Sex in Education. 

In Literature all readers are too much indebted to 
women writers to question their success. 

The Philadelphia Centennial owed its success to the 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. > 77 

devoted labors and invincible faith of a small band of 
noble women. 

The Sanitary Fairs which proved so helpful an 
auxiliary during- our Civil War owed their inception 
and success to woman's efforts. 

The Woman's Building at Chicago is among the 
most costly and expensive of the structures evoked by 
interest in rendering rational American patriotism and 
in reading some meaning into the ordinarily empty 
truth of America's discovery by Christopher Columbus. 
It was, as has been stated before, designed by a woman 
architect who has thus challenged comparison between 
the work of man and woman. It is in contemplation 
to exhibit within its halls the result of woman's labor 
beyond the walls of the household, and it is safe to 
predict that the visiting public will be instantly driven 
from the position which assumes woman's mission to 
be that of a satellite to man, over to that which 
assumes that woman as well as man is under obliga- 
tions to seek her fullest and freest evolution and which 
does not accept even the possibility of nature's laws 
being set aside even by so fascinating a power as 
woman's wiles. 

But it was reserved for our own times and our own 
country to abolish all educational disabilities dependent 
solely upon sex, and the results of the education of 
women seems to have justified none of the dire fore- 
bodings to be found in a once popular work entitled, 
'' Sex in Education." Education without limit as to 
its extent is now recognized as a universal privilege 
open to any one who seeks its enjoyment. 

So, likewise, the professions of law, medicine, 
theology, and journalism have been successfully prose- 



78 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

cuted by women who in many cases at least seem to 
have lost none of their feminine graces. 

It still remains true that while all women do not seek 
the political right of suffrage, that most women seek 
to test the question of woman's inferiority, and to 
ascertain what disabilities are the result of human 
institutions instead of divine constitution. And while 
the mistakes inevitable, together with the vagaries of 
the least intelligent may lead the careless to underrate 
the living force of this social movement and to mistake 
for caprice a determined resolution, yet a comparison of 
the woman of to-day with her sisters of times past 
must satisfy any honest inquirer that much has been 
accomplished in the matter of a proper enfranchise- 
ment. 

The women of America have decided that no such 
exhibition of modern progress as that contemplated by 
the World's Columbian Exposition would be at all 
complete without adequate recognition of woman's 
work, as a complement to woman's worth, and hence 
they have insured the erection of The Woman's Building. 




li 







mwm 



p" p| pi pipi p| 







CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 81 



INVENTIONS PATENTED BY WOMEN 

from 1809 to 1889, according to the Patent Office 
Pecords at "Washington, D. C. 

Instruments 80 or 4 per cent. 

Processes.. ..» 62 or 3 per cent. 

Pharmacy o... .,,.... 73 or 4 per cent. 

Manufactures and Machinery ,.....,.o 379 or 19 per cent. 

For the Household 803 or 42 per cent. 

This leaves for Dress and Appliances for the Toilet 
560 or 28 per cent. 

That is to say but 560 out of 1,971 patents issued 
concern interests lying within what is generally regarded 
as " Woman's Sphere," and yet the inventors do not 
seem to have " unsexed " themselves. 

The pioneer was Mary Kies who on May 5, 1809, 
received a patent for " Straw Weaving with Silk or 
Thread." 

May 20, 1826, Phoebe CoRier patented ^^ Wheel 
Fellies for Sawing." 

Feb. 2, 1828, Elizabeth H. Buckley appears with a 
'' Sheet Iron Shovel." 

Feb. 3, 1831, Emma Stienhouer produces a Cook 
Stove. 

Dec. 20, 1831, Laura Bishop patents Bellows. 

March 4, 1834, Ethel H. Porter enters a Straw and 
Fodder Cutter. 

April 30, 1834, Phebe Atwell invents a machine for 
extracting fur from skins and for manufacturing it into 
yarn. 

Feb. 2, 1839, Eliza Ann B. Judkins receives a patent 
for Shedding. 



S2 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

June 25, 1839, Sarah Hammond patents a Fire- 
Place. 

April 16, 1845, Sarah P. Mather m vents a Submarine 
Telescope and Lamp. 

March 20, 1849, Tilly Flint patents a Weighing 
Scale. 

May 31, 1853, a patent is issued to Mari© Louise 
Roucout for a Furnace Grate Bar. 



MISSOURI Al^D ITS W0ME:N^ mVENTORS. 

Missouri has contributed to the rolls of the United 
States Patent Office the following names of women and 
their mventions: 

Catharine A. "Williamson, St. Louis : 

Corset Stay, 1881. 

Street Car, 1886. 

Gasoline Stoves, 1886. 
■ Seat for Bicycles, 1887. 

Corset, 1887. 

Shoulder Braces, 1880. 
Emma Rawlings, St. Louis : 

Pillow- Slictm Support, 1883. 

Shoulder- Brace, 1880. 
Louise J. Purdy, St. Louis : 

Pattern Tracer, 1883. 

Self- Shaking Sifter for Sand, 1882. 
Clementina J. M. Hayne, St. Louis : 

Air-Feeding Grate- Bar, 1888. 

Furnaces, 1887. 

Steam Boiler, 1888. 




^:^v:.,«: s 






» ^:- -f^'u^hy *0 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 85 

Anna B. Dorman, Cape Girardeau: 

Medical Compound, 1872. 

Ditto, 1872. 
Ellen T. Cram, Kansas City : 

Improvement in Hair Curling, 1872. 
.Ditto, 1873. 
Belle Epperly, Lamar : 

Corset, 1887. 
Sarah H. Weltner, Wellsville : 

Curtain Fixture, 1887. 
Phebe Parmenter, Lamar : 

Corset and Bustle, 1888. 
Amelia Kahn, St. Joseph: 

Eye-Glasses, 1888; 

Ditto, 1888. 
Mary Hobson, Williamsburg : 

Improved Dish Washer, 1870. 
"V^irginia — Mary I. Goldsmith, The Plains : 

Combined Plant Setter and Fertilizer Distributor, 
1881. 
California — Pebecca J. Jacobus, Oakland: 

Absorbent Cowle for Chimneys for Hydro-Carbon 
Burners, 1885. 
Mary B. Carpenter, San Francisco: 

Improvements m Sewing-Machine Feeding Mech- 
anisms, 1871. 
Pose O. Donnell, San Francisco: 

Attachments for Invalid Beds, 1879. 
ISTebraska — Mary Jeffries Whaley Lincoln : 

Covering the Slot of Cable Poads, 1882. 
Maryland — Yirginia L. Watts, Baltimore: 

Artificial Marble, 1881. 

Ornamenting Artificial Marble, 1881. 



S6 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOX 

Catharine Fink, Baltimore : 

Oil Dressing for Leather, 1881 . 
Colorado — Elizabeth A. Burns, Meadow Lake : 

Improvement in Desulphurizing Ores, 1870. 
Pennsylvania — Anna Connelly, Philadelphia : 

Fire Escape, 1887. 
Sarah Slater, Philadelphia : 

Improvement in Compounds for Welding, Hard- 
enmg and Tempering Steel, 1875. 
Emily E. Tassey, Pittsburg : (McKeesport.) 

Improvement in Siphon-Propeller Pumps, 1876. 

Siphon-Propeller Pump, 1880. 
Betsey Ann Worden, Scranton : 

Improvement m Car Couplings, 1872. 
Maria E. Beasley, Philadelphia: 

Barrel-Hoop Driving Machine, 1881. 

Barrel-Making Machine, 1881. 

Life Eaft, 1882. 

Barrel-Stave Shaping Machine, 1884. 

Machine for Driving Hoops upon Casks, 1882. 
Susan L. Sinclair, Allegheny: 

Method of Filling the Pecesses in the Tread Car 
Wheels, 1885. 
Lilly B. Tubbs, Philadelphia: 

Cut-Off for Hydraulic and other Engines, 1885. 
Martha E. Beasley, Philadelphia: 

Steam Generator, 1886. 
Celia P. Clark, Lock Haven : 

Improvement in I^eedle-Sharpening. 

Attachments for Sewing-Machines, 1871. 
Mary E. Antrum, Philadelphia : 

Attachment for Sewing Machines, 1871. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 87 

Jessie Conner, Philadelphia : 

Heat Radiator, 1866. 
Victoria Quarre Wedekind, Philadelphia : 

Improvement in Engraving Copper, 1866. 
Sarah Tulton, Tunkhannock : 

Improvement in Presser Feet for Sewing Machines, 
1869. 
Elizabeth M. Stigale, Philadelphia : 

Rail for Ornamental Fences, 1869. 
Ohio — Florence Marmet, Cincinnati : 

Improvement in Elevators and Conveyors for 
Crushers, 1877. 
Mary A. Thornton, Perry ville : 

Improvement in Photographers' Refrigerators. 
Elizabeth Holt, Pittsburg : 

Piston Rods, 1877. 
Cornelia E. Beaumont, Cleveland:. 

Life Boats, 1877. 
Mary C. Smith Flanigan, Cleveland : 

Fire Escape, 1878. 
Sarah A. Hay dock, Ostrander : 

Car Couplings, 1878. 
New York — Augusta M. Rodgers, Brooklyn : 

Improvement in Evaporating Attachments for 
Heater, 1874. 

Improvement in Railroad Car Heater, 1871. 
Mary A. Alvord, New York City : 

Improvement in Spout Attachments in Dumping- 
Carts, 1875. 
Mary A. Chapin, New York City : 

Improvement in Street Lamps, 1874. 
Emily Rochow, Brooklyn : 

Improvement in Centrifugal Sugar Machines, 1876. 



■88 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Xew York — Ida C. Himmer, Xew York City: 

Electric Battery, 1884. 
Anuabella G. Knox, Xew York City : 

Dough Mixers, 1877. 
Cornelia A. Sheldon, Amity : 

Fire Escapes, 1877. 
Catherine R. Mott. Xew York City: 

Fire Escapes. 1878. 
Mary E. Walton, Xew York City: 

Improvement in Locomotive Chimneys. 1879. 
Felice Tocci, Xew York City : 

Fire Escape, 1880. 
Hannah Milson, Buffalo : 

Ozone Machine, 1876. 
Augusta M. Rodgers, Brooklyn : 

Improvement Spark Arrestors. 1872. 

Improved Conveyors of Smoke and Chiders for 
Locomotives, 1871. 
Hannah B. Mountain, Xew York City: 

Life-Preserving Mattress, 1872. 

Ditto, 1872. 
Ella X". Gaillard, X^ew York City : 

Electric Illuminating Apparatus, 1886. 
Gr acie C. Roberts, Rockvilie Centre : 

Hardening Iron, 1878. 

Sewer Pipes, 1886. 

Ditto, 1886. 
Ida C. Hemmer, Xew York City : 

Electric "Winding Device for Clocks. 1886. 
Eliza Dexter Murfey, Xew York Citv : 

Improvement in Material for Packings and Bear- 
ings, 1870. 

Improvement in Impregnating Fibrous Materials 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 89 

with Powdered Substances for Bearings and 
Packings, 1870. 

Improvements for Materials in Packings and Bear- 
ings, 1870. 
Augusta Gest, Brooklyn : 

Improvement in Fire Alarm Thermometers, 1870. 
Carrie P. Laman, Painted Post: 

Improvement in Lubricating Railway Journals, 
1871. 
Elizabeth Bellinger, Mohawk : 

Improvement in Composition Fuel, 1857. 
Abbey S. Smith, Lockport: 

Improved Mechanism for Starting Sewing- 
Machines, 1863. 
Mary W. Welly, New York City : 

Shield for Sewing-Machines, 1870. 
Ellen L. Demorest, New York City : 

Automatic Floor for Elevator Shafts, 1882. 
Harriet R. Tracy, New York City : 

Fire Escape, 1883. 
Ella M. Freeley, New York City: 

Artificial Russian Leather, 1883. 
New Jersey — Harriet B. Devian, Jersey City: 

Improvement in Packing for Rail Road Journal 
Boxes, 1874. 
Amanda L. "Waggoner, Bridgeport: 

Improvement in Station Indicators, 1876. 
Emma Seligman, Irvington : 

Mechanical Telephone, 1884. 
Emma Walsh, Elizabeth : 

Elevator, 1884. 
Massachusetts — Helen M. Macker, Boston : 

Alloys to imitate Silver, 1872. 



00 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Alloy or Bell Metal, 1872. 

Ditto, 1872. 

Alloys for Hardening Iron, 1872. 

Ditto, 1872. 

Amalgams for Coating Harness Trimmings, 1872. 
Katherine E. Holmes, Cambridgeport : 

Improvement in Railway Car Safety Apparatus, 
1871. 
Annie Getchell, Boston ? 

Hardening Copper, 1885. 
Hannah E. Scales, j^ewton : 

Plastering Compound, 1884. 
Erance — Adele Elsie Pirsch, Baudvin, Paris: 

Improvements in Alloys to resemble Silver, 1873. 

Alloys to resemble Silver, 1872. 
Caroline Garcin, Colmar : 

Mechanism for Driving Screw Machines, 1869. 
Marie G. De Barbeeyrac, Paris : 

Rectifying Alcohol and other Crude Spirits. 
Illinois — Sarah W. Trahne, Girard : 

Baling Press, 1887. 
Betsey A. Maxey, Knoxville : 

Car Coupling, 1885. 
Annie M. Jeffers, Chicago : 

Fire Escapes, 1886. 
Carrie J. Everson, Chicago : 

Process for Concentrating Ores, 1886. 
Sarah M. Hoyt, Chicago : 

Paving Blocks, 1887. 
Mary E. "Winter, Galesburg: 

Adding Machine, 1882. 
England — Emma T. L. Clark, London : 

Process of Hardening and Preserving Plaster of 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE, 91 

Paris Casts and Molds, and making them im- 
pervious to water, 1887. 
Mary McMiillen , Strand : 
Electric Brush, 1884. 
Henrietta Vansillart, Eichmond : 

Improved Method of Construction for Screvv^ 
Propellers, 1869. 
Indiana — -Luna Wright, Economy : 

* Improvement in Corn Planters, 1868. 
Kansas — Eachel S. Packson, Emporia : 

Specuhim, 1887. 
Louisiana — Dinah J. Loewenstein, I^ew Orleans : 

Improvement in the Manufacture of Fertihzers 

from Night Soil, 1872. 
Ditto, 1872. 
Marie Dinos, ISTew Iberia : 

Cultivator, 1887. 
New South Wales — Elizabeth Barnston Parnell, 
Sidney : 

Process of Treating certain Descriptions of Au- 
riferous and Argentiferous Materials, 1887. 
Iowa — Cornelia C. Wood, Sibley: 
Bunk for Railway Cars, 1887. 
District of Columbia — Claudia B. TurnbuU, Wash- 
ington : 

Improvement in Street Car Awnings, 1872. 
Ditto, 1873. 
Mary J. Coston, Washington : 

Improvement in Pyrotechnic Night Signals, 1871. 
Germany — Frida Kunz, Donauschingen : 

Process of and Apparatus for Preparing Fibre for 
the Manufacture of Brushes and Brooms, 1881. 



92 



THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



Eliza J. Harding, St. Louis : 

Abdominal Supporters^ 1873. 
Mary S. Gage, St. Louis: 

Stove, 1888. 
Amanda Ellen Shearer, Milan : 

Gem Type Fixers, 1886. 
Eliza J. Whitlow, Mexico : 

IVasliiiig Machine, 1882. 
Mary J. Chavore, Covington : 

Flour-Sifter, 1882. 
Maggie M. Harriman, Kansas City: 

Corsets, 1877. 
Harriet E. Bonham, St. Joseph: 

Ear-Muffs, 1879. 
Mary Hobson, Williamsburg: 

Improved Dish Washer, 1870. 
Eilene A. Bailey, St. Charles : 

Shoe- Button Needle, 188L 

]S^eedle, 1886. 
Margaret H. Wallace, Sedalia : 

Hand Easel, 1885. 
Anna M. Freeman, Kansas City : 

Dress-Cutting Euler, 1885. 
Nancy E. Burch, Carthage: 

Flower-Stand, 1885. 
Marie Adelia Henderson, Clinton : 

Coffee-Pot, 1886. 
Mary Sutherland, Diamond : 

Composition for Tanning, 1886. 
Glennie A. Williams, Kansas City : 

Dough Kaiser, 1886. 
Samantha J. Bugh, St. Joseph: 

Improvement in Sad-irons, 1887. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 93 

Caroline Ferguson, St. Louis : 

Clothes-Bashet, 1883. 
Lucretia V. Pierce, St. Louis : 

Combined Stove ^ Table and Cabinet^ 1883. 
Florence H. Stumpf, St. Louis : 

Fluting-Irons, 1878. 
Harriet A. Sawyer, St. Louis : 

Dish Heater, 1880. 

Hand Easel, 1885. 
Maria Duenkel, St. Louis : 

Morning Dress, 1880. i 

Mary G. Price, St. Louis : 

Tuch Marher for Sewing Machines, 1881. 
Josephine Diel, St. Louis : 

Oil Dressing for Leather, 1881. 
Marie E. Patterson, St. Louis : 

Tuning-Peg for Musical Instruments, 1884. 
Bridget Murphy, St. Louis : 

Grate Appliance, 1884. 
Anna Kendall, St. Louis : 

Soap for Restoring Color to Plushes and Velvets ^ 
1885. 
Fannie C. Pawlings, St. Louis: 

Cabinet Gasoline Stove, 1885. 
Julia Reinhard, St. Louis : 

Waist-Lining , 1885. 
Mary J. C. Yan Norstrand, St. Louis : 

Corset, 1876. 
Laura E. Hauck, St. Louis : 

Lnprovement in Automatic Fans, 1876. 
Mary IN'olan, St, Louis : 

Improvement in Building Bloclis, 1877. 

Lnprovement in Artificial Stone Composition, IS^^ , 



94 THE world's COLU3IBIAX EXPOSITION 

Rhode Island — Maria L. Grhirardini, Providence : 

Improvement in Rails for Street Railways, 1873. 

Ditto, 1872. 
Arkansas — Caroline S. Brooks, Helena : 

Improvement in Metliods of Producing Lubricated 
Molds in Plaster, 1877. 
South Carolina. — Rose H. Groldsmith, Charleston: 

Improvement in Bale Ties, 1879. 



COLUMBIAIS^A. 



The Historical World's Columbian Exposition and 
Chicago Gruide does not propose to enter into competi- 
tion with Irving and Prescott and Castelar and Justin 
Winsor and other special biographers of Christopher 
Columbus, but it considers it germane to its office as a 
guide to call attention to such Columbiana as are most 
likely to excite question in the minds of the visitor to 
The World's Columbian Exposition. 

The reproduction of the convent of La Rabida will 
necessarily recall the story of Columbus' appearance in 
Spain leading his boy by the hand and applying at the 
convent door for that hospitality which was always 
extended to needy travelers. Friar Juan Perez de Mar- 
chena well deserves to share in any honors paid to 
Columbus for without his constant and intelligent 
interest the great Christopher would probably never 
have secured a royal audience or finally have found a 
patron in Queen Isabella. Talavera, the Queen's con- 
fessor and Columbus' best friend at court was interested 
by the good friar Juan Perez. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 95 

Cohimbus' illusions may be illustrated by the follow- 
ing example furnished by Justin "Winsor, for it is cer- 
tain that Columbus " builded better than he knew : " 
'' He argued from what he saw, or thought he saw, 
that the line of no variation marked the beginning of a 
protuberance of the earth, up which he ascended as he 
sailed westerly, and that this was the reason of the 
cooler weather which he experienced." In regard to 
the exact spot where Columbus first landed in the West 
Indies, Mr. Winsor says that any positive statements 
are of doubtful authenticity but that the prevailing 
belief among scholars has fixed upon what is known as 
Watling Island. 

Of course, Christopher Columbus, like the rest of 
frail mortals, varied much in appearance in youth, early 
manhood, the prime of life, and old age, but that the 
imagination may be assisted, we reproduce Mr. Win- 
sor' s description of Christopher Columbus' personal 
appearance : 

^^ If we were called upon to picture him as he stood 
on San Salvador, we might figure a man of impressive 
stature, with lofty, not to say austere bearing, his face 
longer by something more than its breadth, his cheek 
bones high, his nose aquiline, his eyes a light gray, 
his complexion fair with freckles spotting a ruddy glow, 
his hair once light but then turned gray. His favorite 
garb seems to have been the frock of a Franciscan 
friar." 

Mr. Winsor, as the head of the Boston Public Li- 
brary, and subsequently of the library of Harvard 
College, has enjoyed unusual opportunities for the study 
of the various portraits of Columbus and of the evi- 
dence in regard to their genuineness. He states, 
6 



96 THE world's COLUMBIAIS' EXPOSITION 

authoritatively, that the Genoa and Havana hkenesses 
are both unauthentic and poor. The names and dates 
of the other better known portraits are, The Pict- 
ure of St. Christopher, 1500, The Jovian Col- 
umbus in the Cosmo Gallery, 1575, The Florentine 
Columbus, 1568, in the Massachusetts Historical So- 
ciety, The Yanez Portrait, 1763, at Madrid, and De 
Brj^'s Portrait, 1595. All of these, doubtless, will be 
reproduced for The World's Columbian Exposition, and 
the current books, magazines, and illustrated papers 
may confidently be looked to for a reproduction of all 
the less authentic portraitures. For example, The 
Cosmopolitan for February, 1892, contains a very read- 
able article upon " The Columbus Portraits," by 
William Eleroy Curtis. Mr. Curtis enumerates and 
describes more or less fully some thirty-three '' coun- 
terfeit presentments " of the great Christopher Colum- 
bus and those who are curious may by the aid of this 
article quite easily learn to recognize the more familiar 
engravings. Of these there are owned in America one 
at Worcester, Mass., one in copy at Philadelphia, one in 
copy in New York City, the excellent Ellsworth por- 
trait of Chicago, one at Albany, ]^. Y., one at Dan- 
bury, Conn., and the one used by Washington Irving 
and now the property of the well-known Gunther, of 
Chicago. All of these, doubtless, will be gathered 
together in a loan collection by Director Halsey C. 
Ives, and if the visitor to The World's Columbian Ex- 
position fails to know what Columbus looked like he 
can at least learn how he has appeared to various artists. 
Columbus manuscripts are relatively numerous and 
most of them have already appeared in book form. We 
give a specimen of his chirography which is to be found 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 97 

in Harrisse's Notes. The papers prepared by Colum- 
bus, himself, for the city of Genoa, and now deposited 
in the well-known marble custodia have been copied 
and will doubtless be accessible to the curious. 

According to Justin Winsor, the only authorities 
of value are Casoni's Annals of Genoa, (1708,) Le- 
moyne's Colombo e la Scoperta dell 'America, (1873), 
Peter Martyr (1488-1525,) Bernaldez, Oviedo, Fernan- 
do Columbus, Harrisse, Las Casas, Humboldt, Arthur 
Helps, and Major's Select Letters of Columbus (1870). 
In America, Mr. Winsor mentions Hubert Howe Ban- 
croft, and it is proper to add his own scholarly work. 

Mr. Winsor in summing up the claims of the more 
than seven cities which now claim to have been the 
birthplace of Christopher Columbus, gives the decision 
of scholars in favor of Genoa. 

Columbus was not an avaricious, nor a cruel man ; 
and certainly he was a very pious one ; but early in life 
he made voyages along the coast of Africa, and he was 
accustomed to a slave trade. Moreover, he was anxious 
to reduce the expenses of these Lidian possessions to 
the Catholic sovereigns, to prove himself in the right 
as to all he had said respecting the advantages that 
would flow to Spain from the Indies, and to confute his 
enemies at court. 

Those who have read the instructions to Columbus 
given by the Catholic monarchs will naturally be 
curious to know how the news of these vessels laden 
with slaves, the fruit of the Admiral'sfirst victory over 
the Indians, was received by the Sovereigns, recollect- 
ing how tender they had been about slavery before. 
This, however, was a very different case from the 
former one. Here were people taken in what would 



98 THE would' S COLUMBIAN LXPOSITION 

be called rebellion — prisoners of war. Still we find that 
Ferdinand and Isabella were heedfnl in their proceed- 
ings in this matter. There is a letter of theirs to 
Bishop Fonseca, who managed Indian affah^s, telling 
him to withhold receiving the moneys for the sale of 
these Indians that Torres had brought with him until 
their Highnesses should be able to inform themselves 
from men learned in the law, theologians, and canonists, 
whether with a good conscience these Indians could be 
ordered to be sold or not. The historian Munoz, who 
has been indefatigable in his researches amongst the 
documents relating to Spanish America, declares that 
he cannot find that the point was decided ; and if he 
has failed, we are not likely to discover any direct 
evidence about the decision. We shall hereafter, 
however, find something which may enable us to con- 
jecture w^hat the decision practically came to be. 

Many of the so-called free Indians in Hispaniola had, 
perhaps even a worse fate than that which fell to the 
lot of their brethren condemned to slavery. There 
free men, seeing the Spaniards quietly settling down 
on their island, building houses, and making forts, and 
no vessels in the harbor of Isabella to take them away, 
fell into the profoundest sadness, and bethought them 
of the desperate remedy of attemptiug to starve the 
Spaniards out, by not sowing or plantuig anything. 
But this is a shallow device, when undertaken on the 
part of the greater number, in any country, against 
the smaller. The scheme reacted upon themselves. 
They had intended to gain a secure though scanty sus- 
tenance in the forests and upon the mountains ; but 
though the Spaniards suffered bitterly from famine, 
they were only driven by it to further pursuit and 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 99 

molestation of the Indians, who died in great numbers, 
of hunger, sickness and misery. 

About this period there arrived in the Indies from 
the Court of Spain a Commissioner of Inquiry, his 
mission being doubtless occasioned by the various com- 
plaints made against the admiral by Father Buil, 
Margarite, and the Spaniards who had returned from 
Hispaniola. The name of this commissioner was Juan 
Aguado, and his powers were vouched for by the 
following letter from the sovereigns : 

" The King and the Queen. 

'^ Cavaliers, esquires and other persons, who by our 
command are in the Indies ; we send you thither Juan 
Aguado, our Gentleman of the Chamber, who will 
speak to you on our part : we command that you give 
him faith and credence. 

'' I the King : I the Queen. 

'' By command of the King and Queen, our Lords. 

'^Hernand Alvarez. 

"Madrid, the ninth of April, one thousand four 
hundred and ninety-five." 

Columbus drew much inspiration from the travels of 
Marco Polo and of Sir John de Mandeville and it may 
interest the reader to have a specimen of the narrations 
of the latter. 



EELICS OF CHEISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 

There is to be a reproduction of the Convent of La 
Babida where Columbus and his little boy Diego were 
hospitably received when he came to Spain from 



100 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Portugal and whose excellent friar proved to be the 
real maker of Cokimbus' fortunes. 

The caravel Santa Maria will be present in model so 
that the elementary school history will be less barren 
to those who memorize the fact that the fleet of 
Columbus consisted of the Nina, the Pinta and the 
Santa Maria. 

As Columbus is to be canonized at Genoa during the 
year 1892, the various objects of interest pertaining to 
the occasion will be presented to the visitor to Chicago. 

SIP JOHN DE MANDEVILLE'S TRAVELS. 
THE LAND OF LAMANY. 

LAM ANY. 

From that country go men by the sea ocean and by 
many diverse isles and by many countries that were 
too long to tell of. And at fifty-two journeys from 
this land that I have spoken of there is another land 
that is full great that men call Lamany. In that land 
is full great heat, and the custom there is such that 

RELIGIOUS BELIEF 

men and women go all naked. And they scorn when 
they see any strange folk going clothed, and they say 
that God made Adam and Eve all naked ; and that no 
man should shame that is of like nature. And they 
say that they that be clothed, be folk of another world, 
or they be folk that believe not in the God and they 





COLUMBUS STATUE. 

(The only bronze statue of Columbus in America,) 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 103 

say that they behevein God that formed the world and 
that made Adam and Eve and all other things. 

LAIS^D TENURE. 

And also all the land is common ; for all that a man 
holdeth one year, another man hath it another year, 
and every man taketh what part that him liketh. And 
also all the goods of the land be common, corn and all 
other things ; for nothing is kept in close, nor any- 
thing there is under lock ; and every man there taketh 
what he will without any contradiction : and one man 
there is as rich as another. 

CANNIBALISM. 

But in that country is a cursed custom, for they eat 
more gladly men's flesh than any other flesh ; and yet 
is that country abounding in flesh, fish, corns, gold^ 
silver and all other goods. 

SALE or CHILDREN. 

Thither go merchants and bring with them children 
to sell those of the country, and these buy them : and 
if they be in fat, they eat them anon ; and if they be 
lean, they feed them till they be fat, and then they eat 
them ; and they say that it is the best flesh and the 
sweetest of all the world. 

THE ANTARTIC STAR AND LODE-STAR. 

In that land and in many others beyond that, no 
man may see the star transmontaine that is called the 



104 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

star of the sea that is immovable and that is toward the 
north, that we call the lode-star. But men see another 
star contrary to it that is toward the south, that is 
called the antarctic. And right as the shipmen take 
their advise here and govern themselves by the lode 
star, right so do shipmen beyond the parts, by the star 
of the south the which star appeareth not to us, and this 
star which is toward the north that we call the lode 
star appeareth not to them. For which cause men may 
well perceive that the land and the sea be of round 
shape and form ; for the part of the firmament showeth 
in one country that showeth not in another country. 
And men may w^ell prove by experience and subtle 
compassment of wit that if a man found passages by 
ships that would go to search the world, and above and 
beneath. 

The which thing I prove thus after that I have seen ; 
for I have been towards the parts of Brabant, and 
beheld by the astrolobe that the star that is called the 
transmontaine is 53° high. And more, for there in 
almayne and Bavaria it hath 58° and move forth toward 
the parts septentrional it is 62° of height, and certain 
minutes. For I, myself, . have measured it by the 
astrolobe. ISTow shall you know that against the 
Transmontaine is the other star that is called antarctic, 
as I have said before, and the two stars do not move 
any nearer. And by them turn all the firmament right 
as doth a wheel that turneth by its axletree, so that 
those stars bear the firmament in two equal parts, so 
that it hath as much above as beneath. After this I 
have gone towards the parts meridional, that is toward 
the south : and I have found that in Libya men see first 
the star antarctic. And so far have I a'one more forth 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 105 

in the countries, that I have found that star move high ; 
so that toward the high Libya it is 18° of height and 
certain minutes (of the wliich sixty minutes make a 
degree) . After going by sea and by land toward this 
country, of which I have spoken, and to other isles and 
lands beyond that country, I have found the star 
antarctic of 33° of height and more minutes. And if I 
had had company and shipping for to go more beyond, 
I trow well in certain that we should have seen the 
roundness of the firmament all about. 

FIRMAMEXT BETWEEN STAKS. 

For as I have told you before, the half of the firma- 
ment is between those two stars the w^hich half I have 
seen and of the other half, I have seen toward the north, 
under the Transmontaine 62"^ 10' ; and toward the part 
meridianal, I have seen under the antarctic 33'' 16' : 
thus the half of the firmament in all holdeth but 180°. 
And of those 180° I have seen 62° on that one part, and 
33° on that other part, that be 95° and nigh the half of a 
degree ; and so there lacked of my seeing all of the fir- 
mament but 84° and the half of a degree : and that is 
not the fourth part of the firmament. For the four 
parts of the roundness of the firmament hold 90°, so 
there f aileth but ^ve degrees and a half of the fourth 
part. And also I have seen the three parts of all the 
roundness of the firmament and more yet, 5° and a half. 

EEET AGAIXST EEET. 

By the which I tell you certainly that men may 
environ all the earth of all the world, as Avell under as 



lOG THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

above, and turn again to their own conntry, that had 
company, and shipping, and guidance ; and always he 
should find men, lands and isles, as well as in this 
conntry. For yet wit Avell that they that be toward the 
antarctic, they be straight feet against feet of them that 
dwell nnder the transmontaine ; as well as Ave and they 
that dwell under us, be feet against feet. 

MEN GO UPWARDS ALWAYS. 

For all the parts of sea and of land have their 
opposites ; habitables or trespassables, and they of this 
half and of the beyond half. And not yet w^ell that 
after that I may perceive and comprehend that the lands 
of Prester John, Emperor of India, be under us ; for 
in going from Scotland or from England toward 
Jerusalem, men go upwards always. For our land is 
in the low part of the earth toward the west, and the 
land of Prester John is the low part of the earth 
toward the east ; and they have there the day when 
we have the night, and also high to the contrary they 
have the night when we have the day. 

JERUSALEM IX THE MIDST OF THE WORLD. 

For the earth and the sea be of round form and 
shape, as I have said before ; and that men go upwards 
to one coast, and downward to another coast. 
Also ye have heard me say that Jerusalem is 
in the midst of the world, and that may men 
drove and show there by a sphere that is fixed in the 
earth upon the hour of mid-day, when it is equinoxium, 
that show^eth no shadow on any side. And that it 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 107 

should be in the midst of the world, David witnesseth 
in the Psalter, where he saith Deus operatus est salute 
in media terra. Then they that depart for the parts of 
the west for to go toward Jerusalem, as many journeys 
as the go upward for to go thither, in as many journeys 
may they go from Jerusalem unto other confines of 
the superficiality of the earth beyond those towards 
India and to the foreign isles, all is environing the 
roundness of the earth and of the sea, under our 
countries on this half. And therefore hath it befallen 
many times of one thing that I have heard recounted 
while I was gone : how a worthy man departed once 
from our country for to go search the world. 

INDIA. 

And so he passed India and the isles beyond India 
where be more than five hundred isles ; and so long 
he went by sea and land and so environed the world by 
many seasons that he found an isle where he heard 
them speak his own language, calling on oxen in the 
plough such words as men speak to beasts in his own 
country, whereof he had great marvel; for he kne^r 
not how it might be. But I say that he had gone so 
long by land and sea that he had environed all the 
earth, that he was come again environing, that is to 
say going about to his own marches, if he had passed 
forth until he had found his own country and his own 
knowledge. But he turned again from thence whence 
he was come from ; and so he lost much painful labors 
as himself said a great while after that he was come 
home. 



108 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



TEMPESTS OF THE SEA. 

For it befell after that he went into ISTorway, and 
there tempest of the sea took him ; and he arrived in an 
isle and when he was in that isle he knew well that it 
was the isle where he had heard them speak his own 
langnage before, and the calling of the oxen at 
the plough, and that was a possible thing. 

ME^^ GO UNDER THE EAKTH. 

But how it seems to simple men, unlearned, that 
men may not go under the earth, and also that men 
should fall toward the heaven from under. But that 
may not be unless we fall toward heaven from the 
earth where we be ; for from what part of the earth 
that men dwell on the above, or on the beneath, 
it seemeth always to them that dwell, that they go 
more right than any other folk. And right as it seem- 
eth to us that they be under us, right so it seemeth to 
them that we be under them. For if a man might fall 
from the earth into the firmament, by greater reason 
the earth and the sea, that be so great and so heavy, 
should fall to the firmament; but that may not be, 
and therefore sayeth our Lord God, Non timeas me 
qui suspendi terrans ex niliile; and albeit it be a possible 

INTRICACIES OF PASSAGES, 

thing that men may so environ all the world, neverthe- 
less of a thousand persons one might not happen to 
return to his country. For, for the greatness of the 
earth and of the sea, men may go by a thousand and a 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 109 

thousand other ways that no man could return himself 
perfectly toward the parts that he come from, but if it 
were by adventure and hap, or by the grace of God. 
For the earth is full large and full great and holds in 
roundness and environs about by above and beneath 
twenty thousand four hundred and twenty-five miles, 
after the opinion of the wise old astronomers. And 
their sayings I do not reprove. But after my little 
wit, it seemeth to me saving their reverence, that it is 
more. And for to have a better understanding, I say 
thus : Be there imagined a figure that hath a great com- 
pass, and about the point of the great compass that is 
called the centre be made another little compass ; then 
afterwards be the great compass divided by lines in 
many parts, and that all the lines meet at the centre, so 
that in as many parts as the great compass shall be divi- 
ded in so many shall be parted the little one that is 
about the centre : albeit that the spaces be less. Now 
then be the great compass represented for the firma- 
ment and the little compass repi-esented for the earth. 
ISTow then the firmament is devised by astronomers 
in twelve signs, and every sign is devised in thirty de- 
grees, that is three hundred and sixty degrees that the 
firmament hath above. 

EXTENT OF THE EARTH. 

x4l1so be the earth devised in as many parts as the 
firmament, and let every part answer to a degree of the 
firmament, and wit thee well that after the authors of 
astronomy seven hundred furlongs of earth answer 
to a degree of the firmament, and those be eighty- 
seven miles and four furlongs now be that here 



110 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

multiplied by three hundred and sixty sithes, and 
then there be thirty- one thousand, five hundred 
miles, each of eight furlongs after the miles of our 
country. So much hath the earth m roundness, 
iind of besight environ, after my opmion and my 
understanding. And ye shall understand that after 
the opinion of old wise philosophers and astronomers, 
our country or Wales, or Ireland, or Scotland, or ISTor- 
way, or the other isles coasting to them, be not m 
the superficiality counted above the earth ; as it 
showeth by all the books of astronomy. 

SEVEN PARTS EOE SEVEN PLANETS. 

For the superficiality of the earth is distributed 
into seven parts for the seven planets, and those 
parts are called climates. And our parts be not 
of the seven climates, for they be descending toward 
the west, and also these isles of India which be not 
reckoned in the climates, for they be against us that be 
in the low country, and the seven climates stretch 
them environing the world. 

THE LAND OE THE AMAZONS. 

Beside the land of Chaldee in the Land of Amazon 
and within that realm all are women and there are no 
men : not as some men say that men may not live there 
but for because the women will suffer no men amongst 
them to be their sovereigns. For once there was a 
king in that country and men married as in other coun- 
tries I and it so befell that the king had war with the men 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. Ill 

of Scythia, the which king was hight Colopeus that 
was slain in battle and all the good blood of his realm. 

MASSACKE OF THE MEN^. 

And when the queen and all the other noble ladies 
saw that they were all widows and that all the royal 
blood was lost, they armed them and as creatures out 
of wit they slew all the men of the country that were 
left. For they would that all the women were widows 
as the queen and they were. And from that time hith- 
erwards they never would suffer man to dwell amongst 
them longer than seven days and seven nights ; nor 
that any child that was male should dwell amongst 
them longer than he was being nourished ; and then 
sent to his father. And if it be a female they do away 
with one breast with a hot iron, and if it be a woman 
of great lineage they do away with the left breast that 
she may the better bear a shield ; and if it be a woman 
of simple blood, they do away the right breast for to 
shoot turkies with a bow: for they shoot well with 
bows. 

THE QUEEN IS CHIEF RULER. 

In that land they have a queen that governs all that 
land, and they all be obeissant to her. And always 
they make her queen by election that is most worthy 
in arms. For they be right good warriors, and wise, 
noble, and worthy. And they go oftentimes to the 
help of other kings in their wars, for gold and silver 
as other Soudaners do: and they maintain themselves 
right vigorously. 



112 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

The land of Amazon is an isle all environed with the 
sea save in two places where be two entrances. 



Balsam, 
apples of papadise. 



Also in that country and in others also men find long 
apples to sell and men call them apples of Paradise ; 
and they be right sweet and of good savor. And 
though ye cut them in never so many gobbets or parts, 
overthwart or endlongs, evermore ye shall find in the 
midst the figure of the holy cross of our Lord Jesus. 
But they w^ill rot within eight days, and from that 
cause men may not carry off the apples to any far 
countries. And they have great leaves of a foot and a 
half in length, and they are convenably large. And 
men find there also the apple-tree of Adam, that has 
a light at one of the sides. 

And there be also fig trees that bear no leaves, but 
figs upon the small branches : and men call them figs 
of Pharaoh. Also beside Cairo without that city is the 
field where balm groweth : and it cometh out in small 
trees that be no higher than a man's breek girdle : and 
they seem as wood that is of the wild vine. 

SEVEN WELLS OF JESUS CHEIST. 

And in that field be seven w^ells that our Lord Jesus 
Christ made with his feet when he went to play with 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. ' 115 

other children. That field is not so well closed but 
that men may enter at their own list. 

THE BALM. 

But in that season that the balm is growing, men put 
these to good keeping that no man dare be so hardy as 
to enter. This balm groweth in no place but only 
there. And though that men bring of the plants for 
to plant in other countries, they grow well and fair, 
but they bring forth no fructuous thing : and the 
leaves of balm let fall nothing. 

AND MEN CUT THE BRANCHES. 

And men cut the branches with a sharp flintstone 
when men will go to cut them : for whoso cutteth them 
with iron, it would destroy his virtue and his nature. 
And the Saracens call the wood Enouch Yalse, and the 
fruit which is as suybybes they call abibissam, and the 
liquor that droppeth from the branches they call gu}"- 
balse. And some make always that balm to be tilled 
by the christian men, or else it would not fructify, as 
the Saracens say themselves ; for it hath been often- 
times proved. Men say also that the balm's growth in 
India the more in that desert where the trees of the sun 
and of the moon spake to Alexander. 

SUBSTITUTES EOR BALM. 

But I have not seen it, for I have not been so far 
above upward, because that there be too many perilous 
passages. And wit ye well that a man ought to take 

7 



116 THE WC^RLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

^ood keep for to buy balm, unless he comes to know 
it right well, for he may right lightly be deceived. 
Por men sell a gum that men call turpentine instead of 
halm ; and they put thereto a little balm for to give 
good odor. And some put wax in oil of the wood of 
the fruit of balm and say that is balm ; and some distil 
leaves of Gylosre and of Spikenard of Spain, and of 
other spices that be well smelling ; and the liquor that 
goeth not thereof they call it balm ; and they ween 
that they have balm when they have none. For the 
Saracens counterfeit it by subtlety of craft, for to 
deceive Christian men as I have seen full many a time. 
And after them the merchants and the apothecaries 
counterfeit it often and then it is less worth and a great 
deal worse. 

ATTRIBUTES OF PUKE BALM. 

But if it like you I shall show how ye shall know and 
prove to the end that ye shall not be received. First 
ye shall well know that the natural balm is full clean 
and of citron color and strong smelling. And if it be 
thick or red or black it is sophistocated, that is to say 
counterfeit and made like it for deceit. And under- 
stand that if ye will put a little balm into the palm of 
your hand against the sun, if it be fine and good ye 
shall not suffer your hand against the heat of the sun. 
Also take a little balm with the point of a knife and 
touch it to the fire and if it burn it is a good sign. 
Afterwards take also a drop of balm and put it into a 
dish or in a cup with milk of a goat, and if it be natural 
balm, anon it will take and beclip the milk. Or put a 
drop of balm in clear water in a cup of silver or in a 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 117 

clean basin and stir it well with the clean water ; and if 
the balm be fine and of his own kind, the water shall 
never trouble ; and if the water be sophistocated, that 
is to say counterfeit, the water shall become anon 
troubled. And also if the balm be fine it shall fall to the 
bottom of the vessel as though it were quicksilver. For 
the fine balm is more heavy, twice, than is the balm 
that is sophistocated and counterfeit. 

OF THE CROSSE AND CEOWNE OE OUKE LOKD JESU 

CRIST. 

THE CR03SE OF OUR LORD. 

At Constantynoble is the Cros of our Lord Jesu 
Crist, and the Cotte withouten Semes, that is clept 
Tunica inconsutilis, and Spounge, and the Reed, of 
the which the Jewes zaven oure Lord Byselle and 
Galle, in the Cros. And there is one of the Nayles, 
that Crist was naylled with on the Cros. And some 
Men trowen, that half the Cros, that Crist was don on, 
be in Cipres, in an Abbey of Monkes, that Men callen 
the Hille of the Holy Cros ; but it is not so ; For that 
Cros, that is in Cipre, is the Cros, in the whiche 
Dysmas the gode Theof was hanged onne. But alle 
Men knowen not that; and that is evylle y don. For 
profyte of the Off refuge, thei seye, that is the Cros of 
oure Lord Jesu Crist. And zee schulle undrestande, 
that the Cros of oure Lord was made of 4 manere of 
Trees, as it is conteyned in this Vers. In Cruce /it 
JPalma Cedrus, Cepressus Oliva, 

MATERIALS OF THE TRUE CROSSE. 

For that Pece, that wente upright fro the Erthe to 



118 THE world's COLUMBIAX EXPOSITION 

the He veil, was of Cjpresse ; and the Pece that went 
overthwart, to the whiche his Handes weren nayled, 
was of Pahne ; and the Stock that stode within the 
Erthe, in the which was made the Marteys, was of 
Cedre ; and the Table aboven his Heaved that was a 
Fote and an half long, on the whiche the Title was 
writen, in Ebrew, Grece and Latyn, that was of Olyve. 
And the Jewes maden the Cros of theise 4 manere 
of Trees ; For thei trowed that oure Lord Jesu Crist 
scholde have hanged on the Cros also longe as the Cros 
mygthen laste. And therfore made thei the Foot 
of the Cros of Cedre. For Cedre may not in Ei*the 
ne in watre rote. And therefore the wolde that it 
scholde have lasted longe. For thei trowed that the 
Body of Crist sholde have stunken ; therfore thei made 
that pece that went from the Erthe npward of Cypres ; 
For it is well smellynge ; so that the smele of his 
Body scholde not greve Men that w^enten for by. And 
the overthwart Pece was of Palme : For in the Olde 
Testament it was ordyned that whan on overcomen 
he shoulde be crowned with Palme ; and for thei 
trowed that thei hadden the Victory e of Crist Jesus, 
therefore made thie the overthwart Pece of Palme. 
And the Table of the Tytle thie maden of olyve ; 
for olyve betokeneth Pes. And the story e of iioe 
wytnesseth whare that the the Culver broughte the 
Braunche of olyve that betokened Pes made betweene 
God and Man. 

THE crucifixio:n^. 

And so trowed the Jewes for to have Pes whan 
Crist was ded. For thei sayd that he made Discord 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 119 

and strif amonges hem. And zee schulle undirstande 
that oure Lord was y nay lied on the cros lyggynge ; 
and therfore he suffered, the more peyne and the cris- 
tene men that dwellen beyond the see, in Greece, seyn 
that the Tree of the cros that we callen Cypresse was 
of that Tree that Adam ete the appulle was of ; and 
that fynde thie writen. 

SETH a:n^d the au:n^gelle. 

And thei seyn also that here scripture seythe that 
Adam was seek, and seyed to his sone Sethe that he 
scholde go to the aungelle that kepte Paradys that he 
wolde senden hym Oyle of Mercy for to anoynte with his 
Members that he myghte have hele. And Sethe wente. 
But the aungelle wolde not late him come in ; but seyd 
to him that he myghte not have of the Oyle of Mercy. 
But he toke him three Greynes of the same Tree that 
his Fadre eet the appelle offe ; and bad him, als sone 
as hi-s Frdre was ded, that he scholde putte theise three 
Greynes undre his Tonge, and grave him so : and he 
dide. And of theise three Greynes sprang a Tree, as 
the aungelle seyde that it scholde, and here a Fruyt 
thorge the whiche Fruyt Adam sholde be saved. And 
when Sethe cam azen he fonde his Fadre nere ded. 
And when he was ded, he did with the Greynes as the 
aungelle bad him ; of the whiche sprongen three Trees, 
of the whiche the cros was made that bare gode Fruyt 
and blessed, our Lord Jesu Crist; thorge whom 
Adam and alle that comen of him, scholde be saved 
and delyvered from Drede of Dethe withouten ende, 
but it be here own defaulte. 



120 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



THE MOUNT OF CALVARIE. 

This holy Cros had the Jewes hydde in the Erthe 
undre a Roche of the Mount of Calvarie ; and it lay 
there 200 Yeer and more, into the Tyme that Seynt 
Elyne, that was Modre to Constantyn the Emperour of 
Kome. And sehe was Daughtre of Kyng Cool, born 
in Colchestre, that was Kyng of England that was clept 
thanne Brytanne the more ; the whiche the Emperour 
Constance wedded to his wyf for here Beutee, and gat 
upon hire Constantyn, that was after Emperour of 
Rome. 

THE CRow:^r OF thoii:n^s. 

And zee schulle undirstande that the Cros of our 
Lord was eyght Cubytes long, and the oyerthwart Pece 
was of lengthe three Cubytes and an half. And a 
partie of the Crowne of oure Lord wherwith he was 
crowned, and one of the N^ayles, and the Spere Head, 
and many other Reliques ben in France in the Kinges 
Chapelle. And the Crowne lythe in a Yesselle of 
Cristalle richely dyghte. For a King of France 
boughte theise Relikes somtyme of the Jewes ; to whom 
the Emperour had leyde hem to wedde, for a gret 
Summe of Sylore. And zif alle it be so that Men seyn, 
that this crowne is of Thornes, zee schulle undirstande 
that it was of Jonkes of the See, that is to say, Rushes 
of the See, that prykken als scharpely as Thornes. 
For I have seen and beholden many tymes that of 
Pangs and that of Constantynoble : For thei were 
bothe on made of Russches of the See. But Men have 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 121 

departed hens in two Parties : of the whiche a Part is 
at Parjs, and the other Part is at Constantynoble. 

And I have one of the precyous Thornes that sem- 
ethe lieke a white Thorn ; and that was goven un to- 
me for gret specyaltee. For there are many of hem 
broken and fallen into the Yesselle that the Crowne 
lythe in : For the! breken for dryenesse when man 
meven herin to schewen hem to grete Lords that com- 
en thidre. 

HE WAS YLED INTO A GARDEN. 

And zee schulle undirstande that oure Lord Jesn 
in that nyghte that he was taken he was yled into a 
garden; and there he was first exayned righte 
scharply, and there the Jewes scorned him, and 
maden him a crowne of the Braunches of Albespyne^ 
that is "White Thorn, that grew in that same Gardyn^ 
and setten on his Heved so fast and so sore that the 
Blood ran down be many places of his Visage,' and of 
his !Necke, and of his schuldres and therefore hath 
White Thorn many Vertues ; For he that berehe a 
Braunche on him thereoffe, no Thunder ne no Maner 
of Tempest may dere him ; ne in the Hours that is inne 
may non evylle Gost entre ne come unto the place that 
is inne. And in that same Gardyn, Seynt Petre de- 
nyed oure Lord thryse. 

CHRIST BEFORE THE BISSCHOPPES. 

Afterwards was oure Lord led before the Bisschoppes, 
and the Maystres of the La we, into another Gardyn of 
Anne ; and there also he was examyned, repreved, and 



122 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

scorned, and crowned eft with a white Thorn that men 
clepethe Barbaryanes, that grew in that Gardyn, and 
that hathe also many Vertues. And afterward he w^as 
led into a Gardyn of Cayphas, and there he was 
crowned w^ith Eglentier. 

CHRIST BEFORE PILATE. 

And aftre he was led into the Chambre of Pylate, 
and there he Avas examined and crowned. And the 
Jewes setten him in a chayere and cladde him m a 
Mantelle ; and there made thei crowne of Jonkes of 
the See ; and there thei kneled to him, and skorned 
him, seyenge, ave^ Rex Judeoritm^ that is to seye, 
Heyl, Kyng of Jeives, And of this crowne half is at 
Parys and the other half at Constantynoble ; and 
this crown had Crist on his Head when he was don on 
the cros ; and therefore onghte men to worschipe it 
and holde it more worthie than any of the othere. 

And the Spere Shaft hathe the Emperour of Almayne ; 
but the Head is at Parys. And natheles the Emperour 
of Constanynoble sayethe that he hathe the Spere 
Head; and I have oftentyme seen it, but it is gret- 
ter than that at Parys. 



THE THEOKffiS OF COLUMBUS. 

His theory was, that the earth was not a perfect 
sjohere, but pear-shaped; and he thought that as he 
proceeded westward in this voyage, the sea went grad- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 123 

iially rising and the ships rising too until they came 
nearer to the heavens. It is very possible that this the- 
ory had been long in his mind, or, at any rate, that he 
held it before he reached the coast of Paria. When 
there, new facts strnck his mind, and were combined 
with his theory. He fonnd the temperature much more 
moderate than might have been expected so near the 
equinoctical line, far more moderate than on the oppo- 
site coast of Africa. In the evenings, indeed, it was 
necessary for him to wear an outer garment of fur. 
Then, the natives were lighter colored, more astute, 
and braver than those of the islands. Their hair, too, 
was different. 

Then, again, he meditated upon the immense volume 
of fresh waters which descended into the Gulf of Paria. 
And, in Rne, the conclusion which his pious mind came 
to, was that when he reached the land which he called 
the land of Gracia, he was at the base of the earthly 
Paradise. He also upon reflection, concluded that it 
was a continent which he had discovered, the same con- 
tinent of the east which he had always been in search 
of ; and that the waters we know now to be a branch 
of the river Orinoco, formed one of the great rivers 
which descended from the garden of Paradise. 

COLUMBUS ANT> REPARTIMIENTOS. 

The admiral gave repartimientos to those followers of 
Eoldan who chose to stay in the island, which were con- 
stituted in the following manner : The admiral placed 
under a cacique so many thousand matas (shoots of the 
cazabi) or, which came to the same thing, so many 
thousand montones (small mounds a foot and a half 



124 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

high, and ten or twelve feet round, on each of which a 
cazahi shoot was planted) and Columbus then ordered 
that the cacique or his people should till these lands for 
wdiom soever they w^ere assigned to. The repartimiento 
had now grown to its second state — not lands only, 
but lands and the tillage of them. We shall yet find 
that there is a further step in this matter, before the 
repartimiento assumes its utmost development. It 
seems, too, that in addition to these repartimientos, 
Columbus gave slaves to those partizans of Roldan 
who stayed on the island. Others of Roldan's follow- 
ers, fifteen in number, chose to return to Spain ; they 
received a certain number of slaves, some one, some 
two, some three, and the admiral sent them home in 
two vessels which left the port of St. Domingo at the 
beginning of October, 1499. 

ISABELLA DECLINES TO REI:N^STATE COLUMBUS. 

Isabella replied in a very sensible speech, telling 
him that, while she fully appreciated his services, and 
knew the rancor of his enemies, she was afraid he had 
given cause for complaint. " Common report," she 
said, " accuses you of acting with a degree of severity 
quite unsuitable for an infant colony and likely to ex- 
cite rebellion there. But the matter as to which I find 
it hardest to give you my pardon, is your conduct in 
reducing to slavery a number of Indians who had done 
nothing to deserve such a fate. This Avas contrary to 
my express orders. As your ill fortune willed it, just 
at the time when I heard of this breach of my instruc- 
tions, everybody was complaining of you, and no one 
spoke a word in your favor. And I felt obliged to send 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 125 

to the Indies a commissioner to investigate matters, and 
give me a true report; and, if necessary, to put limits 
to the authority which you were accused of overstep- 
ping. If you were found guilty of the charges he was 
to relieve you of the government and to send you to 
Spain to give an account of your stewardship. This 
was the extent of his commission. I find that I have 
made a bad choice in my agent ; and I will take care to 
make an example of Bobadilla, which shall serve as a 
warning to others not to exceed their powers. I can- 
not, however, promise to reinstate you at once in your 
government. People are too much inflamed against 
you, and must have time to cool. As to your rank of 
admiral, I never intended to deprive you of it. But 
you must bide your time and trust in me." 



12(i Tin-: world's Columbian exposition 

THE HISTOEY OF CHICAGO. 

THE PIOXEER PERIOD. 

The names of Father Marquette, Joliet, and La 
Salle are imperishablj connected with what, once known 
as the Louisiana Territory, is now divided into States 
each in itself an empire. Father Marquette's words in 
undertaking his mission in America and more particu- 
larly among the Illinois, now seem prophetic: ''I 
found myself under the happy necessity of exposing 
my life for the salvation of all these nations, and par- 
ticularly of the Illinois;" for though the nomadic 
Indian has given place to the Caucasian, yet have 
there been evoked such free-will offerings in the 
name of God, and fW the uplifting of the merely 
animal man, that the churches and charities, and mis- 
sions at Chicago may well be regarded as a fuller 
development of the labors undertaken by the good 
Marquette. 

Joliet and La Salle were traders and sought to lay 
the foundations for purely commercial prosperity ; that 
Chicago the modern city has been worthy of the legacy 
bequeathed it by the French, the returns of transport- 
ation and manufacture abundantly testify. It was in 
1682 that La Salle entered the Chicago river, and the 
history of the city's growth as already presented suf- 
ficiently vindicates the event as truly historical. Ten 
years earlier Father Marquette, Avhile engaged in his 
]3ious labors, found himself so broken in health as to 
pass the winter in meditation and prayer where now is 
heard the roar of Chicago's streams of commerce. 

La Salle calls what we now know as Chicago, 
Checangau, but there have been other and fanciful 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 129 

derivations of a name which properly signifies the great, 
or strong. 

In 1812 the original Fort Dearborn was the scene of 
an Indian massacre, but nme years later United States 
commissioners consisting of persons no less distin- 
guished that Lewis Cass the statesman, and Henry 
Schoolcraft the historian of the Indian Tribes, were ap- 
pointed to meet in Chicago and extinguish the title of 
the natives. This was done and in 1833 the aborigines 
were removed to the Indian Territory. 

The earliest settlement seems to have been made by a 
San Domingo runaway slave named Baptiste Point De 
Saible who is known to have had a hut where now Chica- 
go stands as early as 1779. Regarded m the light of 
subsequent history this fact would seem to have fore- 
shadowed Chicago's recognized office as a harbor for all 
who are oppressed, nationality or color being no dis- 
qualification. De Saible' s hut hi 1804 had become the 
l^roperty of John H. Ivinzie — ■ the earliest white settler 
of Chicago. It was possibly owing to a difficulty be- 
tween Kinzie and an Indian in which the latter lost his 
life, that there occurred the massacre at Fort Dearborn^ 
August 15, 1812. In 1816 he built what is known as 
the Kinzie House. The Indian treaty of 1821 is sup- 
posed to have been concluded in the humediate vicinity 
of Mr. Kinzie' s house, which stood on the north bank 
of the River. 

The original Fort Dearborn was erected in 1803, stood 
on the south side of the Chicago river near to its mouth, 
and there in 1812 took place the massacre of the garri- 
son while on its march and the destruction of the fort. 
In 1816 the fort was rebuilt and continued to be 
occupied for the next twenty years. 



130 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



THE LAND CEAZE. 

As if to emphasize the truth of the statement that 
Chicago may fairly be selected as an illustration of the 
process of evolution in America, there seems to have 
been no experience which the City by the Lake has not 
passed through in the brief space of fifty-five years. 
De Saible, the Daniel Boone of Illinois ; John Kinzie, 
the representative of the French traders and the 
American Fur Company; Fathers Marquette and 
.Allouez, the types of the most spiritually-minded of 
missionary priests : Fort Dearborn suggesting at once 
the colonial necessity for '^ sleep to lie down armed," 
and the perils constantly threatened by the Indian 
tribes : the portage at Chicago foreshadowing the future 
when '^ every wind that blows sends suitors to her court :" 
the incorporation as a town and its selection as a county 
seat, illustrating the American idea of local organiza- 
tion and self-government: and the speculative spirit 
which leads to " booms " and panics — these are some 
of the many youthful experiences of America and of 
the great western American city. 

In 1834 the flood of immigration which followed 
upon the throwing open toAvhite settlers what had been 
an Indian Territory, caused Chicago to present the 
appearance of a new mining camp when promising 
mines have been found by prospectors. Prices were 
determined by one's needs without the slightest refer- 
ence to intrinsic values, and so hot was the fever that 
the '^bucket shops" and ''pool-rooms" were antici- 
pated in the sale and purchase of lots which existed 
only upon paper. Land purchased from the United 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 131 

States government at a dollar and a quarter an acre was 
promptly platted out into town lots and sold for as 
much as three hundred dollars a buildmg lot, nor did 
distance from the town limits at all dampen the enthu- 
siasm of those who mistook aspiration for inspiration. 
But with the panic of 1831 came the bursting of the 
bubble and the temporary abandonment of schemes for 
gaining sudden wealth which remind one of the times 
of George Law as described in Mackay's extraordinary 
popular delusions. 



INCOEPOKATION" AS A CITY. 

In May, 1837, Chicago became an incorporated city 
and celebrated the event by a long-honored custom of 
creating a municipal debt ; for the laboring man had to 
look to the canal for the means of earning his support, 
-and speculation was for the time being out of the 
question. In 1841 was established the Young Men's 
Association, which under its more modern name of the 
Young Men's Christian Association, has been and con- 
tinues to be so healthful and so powerful an influence 
in a city overflowing with young men restrained by no 
home associations. In the same year Chicago took the 
initiative step in the movement which has since sent 
millions of dollars for the relief of the misgoverned 
people of Ireland, and which has added to American 
citizenship many of the most patriotic and capable of 
Iier emigrants. 

As early as 1843 Mormonism which later was to 



132 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

create the flourishing settlements of Utah and to raise 
serious question as to the unlimited right to personal 
belief in matters of religion, was under discussion in 
Chicago. 

In 1846 the chronicles are marked by mention of 
Chicago's active participation in the Mexican War and 
by the beginning of the undertaking of making Chicago 
a great railroad center, and by Chicago's being made a 
port of entry. 



THE GEE AT CHICAGO FIEE. 

In October, 1871, the city which was then regarded 
as a prodigy of human achievement was substantially 
swept from the face of the earth and the destruction 
for a brief space of time promised to be as complete as 
that wrought by the Thirty Years' War. 

Whether or not a mulish cow was the real incendiary 
still remains a subject of controversy, but certain it is 
that a fire ignited it mattei's not how in Mrs. O'Lea- 
ry's barn, was to sweep as a besom of destruction over 
the proud city of Chicago. The site of the O'Leary 
barn was on DeKoven street about seven numbers 
from the western boundary of Jefferson street. It 
seems as a result of the most careful investigation that 
the fire had burned fully an hour before an alarm was 
sounded and that the fiames were then beyond the con- 
trol of the fire department, and the fire fiend seemed to 
rollick and revel in his unbridled career. The bounda- 
ries marking the scene of devastation are given that the 
visitor may more clearly appreciate how true it is that 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 133 

Chicago has come forth from this ordeal of fire 
strengthened and rendered yet more beautiful. '' Be- 
ginning at Jefferson and DeKoven streets, extending 
northerly to Harrison street, thence northeasterly to 
Clinton and VanBuren, thence east to Canal, again 
north to Adams, thence southerly along the river to 
Taylor street, thence west to Clinton, again south to 
DeKoven and finally west to Jefferson street." Such 
was the route on what is known as the West Side. On 
the South Side the fire began at " Taylor street and the 
river, swept east to Harrison, east to Wabash avenue, 
north to Congress, east to the lake, north to the mouth 
of the river, west to Taylor street and the river. It left 
standing only an elevator, the Lind block (bounded by 
Market, Randolph and Lake streets), and a Methodist 
church on Harrison street and Wabash avenue." 

On the N^orth Side the fire caught first near the mouth 
of the River, and spread west as far as Market street. 
Thence it passed north to Michigan street, west to the 
River, northwest to Division street, northeast to Division 
and Wesson, west to Division and Hawthorne avenue, 
east to Clybourn avenue, east again to Orchard street, 
northeast to Vine, north to Centre, east to Hurlbut, 
north to Belden avenue, northeast to Franklin, south 
to Clark, and to Wisconsin, east to the Lake and 
thence south to its starting point." The loss was 
estimated at |186,000,000, the 13,500 buildings burned 
including business blocks, depots, warehouses, public 
buildings, hotels, theaters, churches, newspaper build- 
ings, schools, together with their contents of raw or 
manufactured goods. Nearly one hundred thousand 
persons found themselves at once homeless and desti- 
tute, and the telegraph in carrying the news made the 
8 



134 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION" 

silent appeal whose answer showed that the lesson of 
brotherly love had sunk deep hito the hearts of Amer- 
icans. In the confusion necessarily attendant upon a 
situation so distressing not all gifts were recorded, but 
sufficient is known to show a helpful sympathy which 
is one of the most legitimate boasts of the new civiliza- 
tion. But it must be borne in mind in order to read 
aright the lesson of the rebuilding of the city that 
the citizens of Chicago likewise brought into promi- 
nence the American peculiarity of accepting aid only 
till one can provide for himself, and that it is less the 
spacious limits and towering buildings Avhich make 
Chicago a typical American city than its courage 
under the severest adversity and the daring of a spirit 
scarcely equalled by the poetic fancies of the great 
Christopher Marlowe. 



IISrDICATIO^Ts OF AMEEICAI^ PEOGEESS. 



lYe have said that Chicago may well be studied as 
illustrating the methods and degree of America's 
advance. 

In 1790 what is now the American Union possessed 
a population less than 4,000,000 ; in 1890 this had 
increased to nearly 63,000,000, or fifteen times the 
original number ; in 1837 Chicago began its career as 
a city with a population of 4,170 and in 1890 this had 
increased to 1,099,133, or 263 times the original number. 

In 1790 the territory occupied by the United States, 
was but an insignificant fraction of its present area ; 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 135 

in 1837 Chicago covered but ten or eleven miles, while 
now its area is 182 miles. 

In 1890 the United States reports its exports at 
$845,293,826 and its imports at $789,222,228 ; in 1834. 
Chicago's entire trade is indicated by the assessor's 
valuation of $236,432, while in 1890, $1,380,000,000. 

In 1790 the Indians were called upon to eke out the 
harvests of the colonists ; in 1891 the crop as handled 
by Chicago was 177,353,461 bushels of grain, 
4,358,058 barrels of flour while the live stock interests 
reached $231,344,879, and the commerce $1,380,000. 

In 1790 the railroad was unknown, while in 1890 the 
mileage was reported at 161,255.08 of which Chicago 
was the western center. 

In 1790 the United States was financially worse 
than bankrupt, while in 1890 the money in circulation 
amounted to $1,502,891,123; in 1837 Chicago's valu- 
ation was $236,842, and in 1890 $4,093,145,904. 

In 1790 the schoolhouse had hardly begun to appear ; 
in 1890 there were 216,330 school buildings, 13,413,- 
259 pupils, 352,231 teachers, and an expenditure was 
$132,129,600. In 1837 Chicago had no schools; in 
1890 its showing was 135,000 pupils in the public 
schools, 2,482 teachers, and an expenditure of $3,787,- 
222, while there were 1,127 private schools, with an 
enrollment of 62,000 pupils, and more than all, three 
flourishing universities. 

In 1790 Harvard was little better than a pretentious 
grammar school ; in 1890 colleges and universities are 
more plentiful than elementary schools were in 1790. 
The Chicago of 1837 had little need of the university, 
but the Chicago of 1890 has been active in securing 
as an auxiliary universities which in endowments 



136 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

and promise rival the magnificent benefaction of 
Leland Stanford. 

In 1790 the industries of the United States were few 
and paltry ; in 1890 Chicago is known the world over 
through the gigantic enterprises of Potter Palmer, 
Armour, Swift, Pullman, Marshall Field, and " Old 
Hutch," and a manufactured product of $96,300,000. 

In 1790 the people were sufiiciently occupied in se- 
curing for themselves religious freedom ; in 1890 the 
prairie waste where was planted the Chicago of 1837 
has blossomed into a city of magnificent churches — the 
legitimate harvest of the fertihzing influence of the 
early Jesuit missionary effort. 

In 1790 the idea of the Brotherhood of Man had, 
after eighteen centuries, hardly penetrated the surface 
of aeons of Pagan teaching ; in 1890 the hospitals, 
hoipes, and similar provision for the helpless constitute 
m themselves a city within a city in Chicago. 

In 1790 the few who were educated either had been 
sent abroad or else had been instructed by imported 
tutors ; in 1890 the American universities included rep- 
resentatives from Japan and China — nations which 
in seeking an acquaintance with the movement of 
modern times carefully selected their points of observa- 
tion. So, too, the education which in 1790 was the 
privilege of the few who found opportunity, is now the 
possession even of those who close their school life in 
the lower grades of the public schools. 

In 1790 the political waters were so stormy as to 
require America's chosen sons as pilots. A hundred 
years later the pathways of the deep have become so 
familiar that we venture to intrust the guidance of the 
ship of state to any self-asserting politician who sue- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 



139 



cessfully scrambles for a seat in the public councils. 
In 1790 we hear of ^N'ew York, Boston, Philadelphia, 
Richmond, and Charleston ; in 1890 the cities with a 
population of fifty thousand and more, — one-fortieth 
of the population of the United States in 1790, are ; — 



New York 1,513,501 

Chicago 1,099,133 

Philadelphia 1,046,252 

Brooklyn 804,377 

St. Louis 460,357 

Boston 446,507 

Baltimore 433,547 

San Francisco 297,990 

Cincinnati 296,309 

Cleveland! 201,546 

Buffalo 254,457 

New Orleans 241,995 

Pittsburg 238,473 

Washington 229,796 

Detroit 205,669 

Milwaukee 204,150 

Newark 181,518 

Minneapolis 164, 738 

Jersey City 163,987 

Louisville 161,005 

Omaha 139,526 

Rochester 138,327 

St. Paul 133,156 

Kansas City , 132,416 

Providence 132,043 

Indianapolis 107, 445 

Denver 106,670 

Allegheny 104,967 



Albany , 94,640 

Columbus 90,398 

Syracuse. 87,877 

New Haven 85,981 

Worcester 84,536 

Scranton 83,450 

Toledo 82,6b2 

Richmond 80,838 

Paterson 78,358 

Lowell 77,605 

Nashville 76,309 

Fall River 74,351 

Cambridge 69,837 

Atlanta. 65,515 

Memphis 64,515 

Wilmington 61,437 

Reading 58,926 

Dayton 58,568 

Trenton 58,488 

Camden 58,274 

Evansville 56,674 

Lynn 55,684 

Lincoln , 55,491 

Charleston 54,592 

Hartford 53,182 

St. Joseph 52,811 

LosAngeles 50.394 

Des Moines 50,067 



In 1790 even the library of Harvard University and 
of Yale College consisted of such books as the bene- 



140 THE world's columbiax exposition 

factions of Bishop Berkeley and of other lovers of their 
fellow-beings ; in 1890 Chicago, having first in the 
American fashion accumnlated sufficient means for 
satisfying material wants, is in the possession of snch 
libraries as the Public library, the ]S"ewberry, and the 
Crerar. 

In 1790 Art was almost an unmeaning word ; in 1890 
Chicago had over 60,000 visitors to its Art Institute 
while other collections invite the attention of those who 
find an interest in the creations of painter and sculptor. 

In 1790 American charity was individual ; in 1890 
Chicago alone expended §8,000,000 in charity, support- 
ing fifty-nine hospitals and asylums. 

In 1790 the church gatherings formed almost the 
sole social occasions of ISTew England ; in 1890 Chicago 
had in addition to its three hundred churches and its 
Christian associations for young men and young women, 
nearly seven hundred literary societies, and nearly fifty 
social clubs. 

In 1790, the United States w^ere largely dependent 
upon Europe for all supplies ; in 1890 Chicago has as 
tributaries the markets of the world specially contrib- 
uting' grain, meat and lumber. 

In 1790 it required the enthusiasm of local patriot- 
ism to induce the veriest book-worm to read the writings 
of Americans ; to-day Chicago is the home of several 
writers whose works are read abroad, while its publish- 
ing houses have begun to extend their labors far 
beyond the limits of the twenty-five millions of persons 
who naturally look to Chicago as their metropolis. 

These statements show conclnsively that Chicago is 
representative of the United States in the order as well 
as in the magnitude and rapidity of its development. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 141 



THE CEMETEEIES. 

The last resting-places of the dead, even when these 
went forth mto another world without the pomp which 
attends the great man, marshaled to their earthly tomb 
only by sorrowing relatives and friends, — even thus 
the places hallowed by our recollections have a strange 
charm for ns all. Greenwood, Mount Auburn and the 
cemeteries of the various Eastern cities, are among the 
objects seldom neglected by the sight-seer, for it would 
seem as though the respect paid to the mute memorials 
to lives once highly prized, was among the marks which 
distinguish a Christian civilization from barbarism. 
At any rate the popular veneration for the grass-groAvn 
mounds which seem to suggest a resurrection from 
mortifying mortality to a brighter and more spiritual 
life is deeply seated and even in an age of materialism 
refuses to put away its sentiment however plausible the 
argument of the utilitarian. 

Chicago has not been unmindful of the dead amidst 
the feverish activity of the living, and its cemeteries are 
like garden spots in the heart of a dense forest. 

Rosehill Cemetery is six and a half miles from the 
city, and is reached by the Chicago and Northwestern 
R. E. At the main entrance is a chapel for the con- 
duct of funeral services and the inclosure of five hundred 
acres presents a grateful variety of walks and drives ^ 
while the verdure is contrasted with the silver network 
of running streams. 

The Roman Catholics use Calvary Cemetery, which 
lies yet four miles beyond Rosehill, and those who are 
familiar with Roman Catholic customs will readily 



142 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

imagine the beauty of a spot so sacred to the believers 
in the doctrines of Rome. 

Graceland Cemetery, like Rosehill, is six miles from 
the city but it lies to the north and is reached by the 
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul B. R. Visitors to 
Chicago will feel well repaid by a visit to Graceland, 
both because of its exceptional beauty, and because 
here rests the body of John Kinzie, Chicago's earliest 
white settler. 

Oakrvvoods Cemetery lies to the southwest and may 
be reached by the Illinois Central R. E,. 

Four and a half miles from the city is Waldheim 
Cemetery, where the Odd FelloAVS have chosen the last 
resting-place for members of their order. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 143 

111 1848 Chicago received its first telegram, the first 
boat passed through the canal, the first railway train 
left the city, and the earliest imports were received. 

In 1849 it will be remembered was the year of the 
violent breaking out of the California gold fever, and 
Chicago at once responded to its influence and the 
Asiatic cholera committed great ravages. The same 
year witnessed the introduction of gas for street light- 
ing, while the next year brought provision for a supply 
of water. 

In 1853 the Chicago tunnel was projected, and the 
same year was marked by the occurrence of strikes 
which foreshadowed the prostration of industry which 
occurred in 1877. 

In 1856 Kansas was the maelstrom of political action 
and Chicago took an active part in supporting the 
anti-slavery party. The same year w^as marked by 
legal action looking to the raising of the city's grade 
and the once wonderful achievements in the matter of 
raising and moving buildings w^ere the theme of 
general comment throughout the United States. It 
was likewise in 1857 that Chicago made her first 
European exports. 

In 1850 Chicago began to realize that satisfactory 
drainage could never be obtained by temporary ex- 
pedients and that without adequate drainage the city 
must suffer from the same influences as formerly made 
'New Orleans so fatal to health. In 1856 the first 
carefully devised plans of sewerage were carried out. 

In 1862 it was decided to build the Crib and the 
famous Tunnel and five years later this Herculean 
undertaking had been accomplished, not only supply- 
ing the city with pure water, but furnishing endless 



144 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

entertainment to pleasure seekers and to the stranger 
within the gates. 

In 1869 the Avater tower Vv"as completed and altogether 
apart from its utilitarian objects it has through its 
beauty been the Mecca of many a Chicago pilgrim. 
Its exterior is described by architects as the '^ Cas- 
tellated Gothic," but its office unlike that of the 
European castles is to guard the interests of the 
people. 



WAE HISTORY. 



The story of our Civil War is still too fresh in the 
memories of all to justify repetition, but mention must 
be made of Chicago as the home of John A. Logan 
and the Department Headquarters of Phil. Sheridan : 
and certainly Camp Douglas will prove of historic in- 
terest to every American, for among the prisoners of 
war there held in confinement were many whose memory 
is as dear in their Southern homes as their daring feats 
Avere helpful to the Lost Cause. Camp Douglas as a 
camp has passed away with the other painful sugges- 
tions of the war, but the ground upon which it stood 
has the same interest as the unmilitary scene of the 
Battle of Niagara. Civilization, in unconscious imita- 
tion of Mother ]N^ature, has concealed the sign of decay 
by a new growth which suggests only the beneficent 
action on constructive activity. The Soldier's Home 
was one of the appropriate monuments which succeeded 
Camp Douglas, and no better incentive to intelligent 
patriotism could have been devised. Chicago's share 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 145 

in the labors of the United States Sanitary Commissions 
maybe suggested by the statements that $1,056,192 
in money and supplies was distribnted by the generous 
custodians of this voluntary tribute paid by the masses 
as an evidence of the reality of their patriotism. 



CHICAGO. 



The city limits include a territory of 24 miles by 10 
miles : the paved streets extend over 300 miles, 50 
miles of Boulevards. 

The South Side includes the great business interests 
of Chicago ; State street being devoted to the pleasures 
of shopping. 

The fine residences are found chiefly on the Boule- 
vards, — Calumet, Indiana, Prairie and Michigan 
Avenues. 

The N"orth Side contains the leading retail stores 
which are specially to be found on Clark street. 

The Chicago newspapers speak for themselves and 
have won an influence recognized throughout the United 
States and emphasized by the JSFeio Yorh WorlcV s re- 
cent establishment of another paper in the city of 
Chicago. The leading papers have so prospered as to 
be housed in their own buildings and these again are 
among the architectural monuments of the city. 

The Gliicago Tribune mvel^tiwoVy " a stern wheeler " 
for it was founded so far back as 1847 ; but it has grown 
with the growth of the city and its immense issue goes 
forth daily from Madison and Dearborn streets. Its 



146 THE world's columbiax exposition 

editor, Joseph Medill, is a journalistic treasure won from 
Ohio bj Ihinois and for nearly twenty years he has 
earned the Tribune from one success to another. 

The Inter-Ocean^ Kepublican, was first issued in 
1873 and it now occupies magnificent quarters (its own 
property,) on Madison street* 

The Chicago Times was established in 1854 in the 
political interest of Stephen H. Douglas. Seven years 
later it became the propert}^ of Wilbur F. Storey, known 
to all during his life by his forceful personality, and 
after death by the litigation over the property which his 
intelligent energy had created. 

The Chicago Herald has its home on "Washington 
street near La Salle. It is Democratic in its politics 
but its independence has given an almost phenomenal 
circulation. Like the city, of Chicago, the Herald is 
but an infant in years although a giant in strength. 

The Germans are specially represented by the Illi- 
nois Staats-Zeitung^ founded some forty years ago 
and now housed on Fifth Avenue and Washington 
street. It is Republican in politics. 

The Freie Presse is another German Republican 
paper, while the Abendpost is independent in politics. 

The Daily News is now about seventeen years old, 
and has achieved success through its skillful condensa- 
tion of its matter. 

On Washington street is \o be found the Chicago 
Evening Post which although but a yearling has al- 
ready attained wide circulation and influence. 

The stroller along Dearborn street will notice the 
building occupied by the Chicago Evening Journal^ the 
organ of conservative Republicanism, and enjoying a 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 147 

success built upon secure foundations, since its begin- 
nings date back more than fifty years. 

The Chicago Globe included among its founders 
Walter C. Newberry. It was founded less than five 
years ago, seemingly having grown out of the increas- 
ing need for a study of social problems especially as 
these affect the wage-earner. 

The Chicago JEvening Mail is one of the powerful 
influences of Chicago and its building stands of Fifth 
Avenue and Washington street. 

REFLECTED GLOEY. 

One illustration of the advantages of our national 

unity may be found in the extent to which the various 

States are indebted for their reputations to the honors 

won by those born beyond their borders. 

Massachusetts has increased the glory gained by her 

native-born children by borrowing from 

Switzerland — Louis J. E. Agassiz and Alexander 
Agassiz. 

Maine — The War Governor John A. Andrew, the 
well-known writers C. A. Bartol and D. A. Was son, 
Paul Ansel Chadbourne, Educator, Botanist and 
Chemist. 

Vermont — the Theologians John Todd and Orestes A. 
Brownson. 

New York — the Botanist, Asa Gray, and the Theolo- 
gians, Joseph Cook, and O. B. Frothingham. 

Ireland — the poet journalist, John Boyle O'Reily. 

New Hampshire — Arther Latham Perry, Social Scien- 
tist, James Freeman Clarke, Theological writer, 
and Daniel Webster, orator, statesman and patriot. 



148 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

England — the great pamphleteer of the American 
Revolution, Thomas Paine. 

Greece — the well-known scholar, E. A. Sophocles. 

Connecticut — Noah Webster, the American Lexico- 
grapher. 
'New York increased its wealth by drawing from 

Germany — the humanitarian, Felix Adler and the 
journalist and orator, Joseph Pulitzer. 

Vermont — President Chester A. Arthur and Thad- 
deus Stevens, journalist and statesman. 

Demerara — the essayist, Park Benjamin. 

New Hampshire — Henry W. Bellows, pulpit orator, 
and Horace Greeley the great journalist. 

Connecticut — Henry "Ward Beecher, T. W. Coit, and 
Samuel Seabury as representatives of religious 
power. 

Massachusetts — The educators, F. A. P. Barnard, and 
Miss Anna C. Brackett, "W. J. Holfe the editor 
and scholar, William Cullen Bryant, poet and 
journalist, B. F. De Costa the historian, the grace- 
ful writer of poetry, Mrs. Rose Hawthorne Lath- 
rop, George P. Ripley critic and journalist, Silas 
Wright the statesman, and the theologians Stephen 
H. Tyng and Richard Salters Storrs. 

Scotland — James Gordon Bennett, journalist. 

Ireland — Robert Bonner and E. L. Godkin, journal- 
ists and the prelate Archbishop Hughes. 

Rhode Island — George William Curtis, journalist and 
golden-mouthed orator. 

England — Henry Kiddle, Educator, Frederick Saund- 
ders, essayist, James Parton the popular biographer, 
and that remarkably versatile and eminent scientist, 
John William Draper. 




1^ 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 151 

Wales — Henry M. Stanley, the famous African ex- 
plorer. 
Maryland — The pastor of " the little church around the 

corner," C. F. Deems, and W. A. Hammond, 

known as surgeon and novelist. 
Pennsylvania — George Alfred Townsend, the 

"Gath" of the journalistic world, and Henry 

George, the Tax -Reformer. 
'New Jersey — Park Godwin essayist, and T. De 

Witt Talmage, pulpit orator. 
South Carolina — the celebrated journalist, W. H. 

Hurlbut. 
Bermuda — Alexander Hamilton, statesman, financier, 

and patriot. 
Ohio — Whitelaw Reid, journalist. 

Kentucky owes to 
Louisiana — the world-famed ornithologist, John J. 

Audubon. 
Virginia — the distinguished orator and statesman, 

Henry Clay. 
Connecticut— George I>. Prentice, the celebrated 

journalist. 
Michigan received from 
Rhode Island — J. B. Angell, educator. 
New Hampshire — Lewis Cass, orator and statesman, 

Moses Coit Tyler, literarv historian, and H. P. 

Tappan. 
Wisconsin owes to 
Massachusetts — the distinguished metaphysician, 

author and educator, John Bascom. 
"Vermont — the eminent orator, Matt. H. Carpenter. 
New Jersey borrowed from 



152 THE world's colUxMbian exposition 

Scotland — James McCosh, the Princeton meta- 
physician. 

Ohio is indebted to 

Germany — for the scientist, J. B. Stallo. 

Massachusetts — for Horace Mann, the educator. 

Ilhnois received from 

]!!s^ew Jersey — I^ewton Bateman, the most eminent 
among her educators. 

England — Robert Collyer the pulpit orator. 

Vermont — Stephen H. Douglas the statesman. 

Massachusetts — George Howland, poet and educator. 

Kentucky — the martyr-President, Abraham Lincoln. 

Maine — Josiah L. Pickard, the organizer of her public 
school system. 

Ohio — Ulysses S. Grant — President and Lieutenant- 
General — as well as the pulpit orator, David 
Swing. 
Missouri is under obligation to 

Germany — for Carl Schurz, statesman, orator, and 
journalist; Charles L. Bernays, jjournalist; the 
celebrated botanist, Dr. George Engelmann ; 
and for A. E. Kroeger, translator and author. 

^N'orth Carolina — For Thomas H, Benton, one of 
America's most prescient statesmen. 

Vermont — For A. J. Conant, artist and archaeologist, 
and for Ira Divoll who converted the Common 
School into the Public School and established the 
Public Library as the people's university : and for 
the ever invigorating life, sound theology, gifted 
utterances, and blameless life of Truman Post. 

Connecticut — For William T. Harris who as an educa- 
tor organized the public instruction of Missouri, 
and as a metaphysician took rank with the few 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 153 

great names which have appeared since the days 
of Jonathan Edwards. 

Maryland — For the rarely eloquent pulpit orator, 
Robert A. Holland. 

Massachusetts — For the popular author, James K. 
Hosmer. 

England — For C. Y. Riley, the entomologist. 

Ohio — For the critical and interpretative work of 
Denton J. Snider. 

New Hampshire — For Sylvester Waterhouse, social 
scientist. 

New York — For "William B. Potter, metallurgist, and 
Francis E. Nipher, meteorologist. 
California has drawn from 

Ohio — H. H. Bancroft, the Ethnologist. 

New York — Thomas Starr King, the gifted pulpit ora- 
tor. 
Pennsylvania has been enriched by receiving from 

Maryland — George W. Childs, philanthropist and 
journalist. 

Massachusetts — Benjamin Franklin, scientist, states- 
man, author and patriot, and F. A. March, phi- 
lologist. 
New Hampshire owes to 

New York — The profound scholar, Howard Crosby. 
Yirginia obtained from 

Sweden — Scheie De Yere, the philologist. 
Maryland has drawn from 

Connecticut — D. C. Gilman, educator, and Richard 
T. Ely, social scientist. 

New York — Ira Remson, the chemist. 

The District of Columbia has garnered from 



154 THE WORLD* S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

!N^ew York — Joseph Henry, one of America's most 
eminent scientists and public benefactors. 
Connecticut went beyond her boundaries to 

New Jersey — for Wm. G. Sumner, pohtical econo- 
mist. 

Massachusetts — Wm. D. Whitney, philologist. 

IS'ew York — The profound scholar, Theodore D. Wool- 
se/. 
Louisiana obtained from 

'Novsi Scotia — Her Achilles in journalism, M. F. Big_ 
ney. 

Indiana The gifted poet, Joaquin Miller. 

Chicago's educational history may be accepted as 
representing the usual course of public administration 
of similar trusts. In the beginning well-meaning men 
carefully provided for the maintenance of the common 
school, but soon with insufficient provision the trustees 
sold for a mere song the school lands, which if retained 
w^ould have reheved Chicago from all taxation for school 
purposes. 

In 1853 the superintendency of schools was created 
and John C. Dore of Boston was called to fill the posi- 
tion — a typical recognition of 'Ne^Y England as parent 
of the common school system, and of the belief that the 
wise men were stiilto come from the East. 

In 1864 Josiah L. Pickard, LL.D. became Super- 
intendent of Public Schools and began that Aiise, 
conservative and enterprising policy which has given 
him place Avith the men of whom the Inland Journal 
of Education thus speaks : 

' ' The work left for other original minds was but to de- 
fend the advanced post already won, to articulate and 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 155 

rationalize the means properly to be employed for real- 
ing the no longer doubtful purpose of public instruction. 
This responsibility fell upon the shoulders of such 
men as James B. Angell, Wm. T. Harris, Josiah L. 
Pickard, A. J. Ricoff, John Hancock, John D. Phil- 
brick, Henry Kiddle, and nobly did they respond: 
those intelligently interested in education will always 
cherish the reputations of these men as of those who 
" Deserve well of the Pepublic." For our present 
purpose the point to be emphasized is that these saga- 
cious men kept always in view the wide distinction be- 
tween the course of study suitable for an institution 
whose main object is to qualify the young for the full- 
est discharge of the duties of good citizenship, and the 
more special aims which from their nature private schools 
properly seek." 

Dr. Pickard succeeded in resigning in 1877, having 
been recalled when once before he attempted to retire. 
He then became President of the Iowa State University 
where since his recent resignation he remains as Pro- 
fessor Emeritus. George Howland, identified with 
Chicago's educational history from 1857, was called 
from his position of Principal of the Chicago High 
School to that of the Superintendency, which he filled 
from 1881 till 1885, when he took off the educational 
harness. 



LIBEARIES. 



Libraries are less frequently visited by strangers, 
probably because of the difficulty of arriving by cursory 
inspection at any adequate idea of their value. Still as 



156 THE world's COLU31BIAN EXPOSITION 

it is certain that Chicago has now seriously undertaken 
the business of intellectual growth, and as her libraries 
represent magnificent benefactions from prosperous 
citizens, who thus recognize their obligations to make 
some adequate return to the city which has furnished 
their opportunities, many will wish to known about 
Chicago's present possessions. 

The collection of the Historical Society has already 
reached one hundred and fifty thousand volumes, and 
the student of the antiquities of the Louisiana Territory 
will soon look upon the Historical Society as the 
American student of Skakespeare now regards the 
Lenox Library in New York City. 

The Public Library has been greatly favored in the 
matter of revenue, and until recently used the exjoerience 
of Frederick Poole, now in spite of his lack of age, 
a I^estor among librarians. 

The Newberry Library now rising upon State and 
Oak Streets is the gift to the city of "Walter L, New- 
berry, whose endowment now exceeds four millions of 
dollars. 

The John Crerar Library is the result of a bequest 
of three millions of dollars, and he states as his object 
" the building up of character." 

In order that those having but little time to spare 
may still appreciate the real beginning which Chicago 
has made in the matter of great libraries as the labora- 
tories of industry,. w^e have asked Frederick M. Crun- 
den, Esq., Librarian St. Louis Public Library, and 
President of the 'American Librarians' Congress to fur- 
nish a few suggestions likely to meet such needs as his 
experience has taught him to provide for. He says in 
reply : 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 157 

'^ A Librarian, of course, will know what he wants to 
see. He will want especially to examine the catalog, 
or the charging system, or the binding, or some other 
of the numerous details of practical administration. Or 
he may w^ant to see what books on a special subject are 
contained in the collection. The student, too, comes 
to a library for a special purpose. He, of course, will 
go straight to the Librarian or one of the senior assist- 
ants, state his wants, and receive the desired aid and 
information. "With the general visitor the case is dif- 
ferent. He comes ^^ to see the Library." If he has 
seen other libraries, i. e., if he has frequented them, he 
will have some definite ideas which will serve as a basis 
of inquiry and comparison. But suppose he knows 
nothing about a public library, suppose he has had lit- 
tle time for reading, and that has been restricted to 
newspapers and periodicals and the few books he has at 
home. Suppose he finds himself, for the first time in 
many years, with a few weeks' leisure and he decides 
to see, among other objects of interest, the public 
library of which, perhaps, he has heard at home, and 
which he learns is one of the show places of the city he 
is visiting — it may be its special pride and glory — what 
shall he look for when he gets there? 

'^ If it is an old building he may admire its handsome 
facade, its vaulted ceilings with faded frescoes, and its 
cosy alcoves suggestive of favorites haunts of the stu- 
dent recluse ; while the Cathedral-like appearance of 
the room and the dim religious light that prevails, 
impress our visitor with the feeling that he is in an 
atmosphere of medisevalism. He may be awed ; his 
ideal of a library may have been filled ; but he has not 
been greatly informed ; and he is glad to get out again 



158 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

into the light of day. In the latest buildings he may 
admire the handsome finish and furniture ; but he is 
apt to reflect that his bank has still finer ; and he will 
go away disappomted unless he brings with him some 
notion of the function of a public library, and the means 
by which its objects are accomplished. What then 
shall he look for and inquire about? 

" The number of volumes he will, of course, want to 
know. That is the first question asked by every one. 
He may not think to ask the yearly or the daily issue 
of books ; but the Librarian is likely to volunteer this 
information, since librarians are prouder of the number 
of volumes circulated than of the number owned. 
What next? Well, if the visitor is at all carious he 
will like to see how the books are shelved, hoAV they 
are classified and kept in order, and how the place of 
each is marked, so that a boy or girl can find it. He 
may be glad to have a brief explanation of the process 
of cataloging a book, and the methods by which the 
annual or triennial intentory is taken without interfer- 
ing with the circulation. The plan and the way of 
using the catalog is sure to be of interest, for the cat- 
alog is the clue to the maze, the guide through the 
labyrinth. Then the intelligent visitor will perhaps 
wonder how 500 or 1000 volumes a day can be given out 
by a few clerks, and such a record of them kept that 
the Librarian can tell at any moment what book or 
books each member has, and when they should be 
returned, or where each book in the collection is, 
whether on the shelves, at the bindery, or in the hands 
of a certain member. Further there are interesting 
questions as to classes of readers and kinds of books 
read, the most popular works and authors, and the 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 159 

changes in public taste that have taken place in a de- 
cade or more. Some of these facts the Librarian can 
give in exact figures, and on other points he can give 
trustworthy and interesting information. 

" Another line of inquiry will lead to revelations of 
greater and more general interest in the shape of spec- 
ial collections or single volumes which invite inspection 
because of their age, or their great rarity and beauty, 
or from some peculiar circumstance such, for example, 
as marginalia in the handwriting of some great man 
who once possessed them. Every library of any size 
and age has more or less to show in this line. The 
Boston Athengeum, for instance, possesses George 
Washington's private library. The Boston Public Li~ 
brary has several collections of priceless value. It is 
specially strong in Americana, one of its late acquisi- 
tions being the original manuscript letter of Columbus 
announcing his discovery, which cost $2,000. The 
]^ewberry Library in Chicago already has the finest 
musical collection in the country, including a copy of 
the first opera ever written. The St. Louis Public 
Library has had to supply a wide and active constitu- 
ency with a very small revenue, and hence has had but 
little money to spare for incunabula or other biblio- 
graphical curiosities ; and yet it has gathered a few old, 
rare and curious volumes, such as an original edition of 
Paradise Lost, a copy of Camden's Britannia (pub- 
lished 1587) presented by " Guliemus Camdenus " to 
his '^ Optimo et intimo amico Pobert," not to mention 
hundreds of modern books valued for their intrinsic 
worth and beauty." 



160 THE world's C0LU3IBIAN EXPOSITION 



CHICAGO LITEEATI. 

Mary Abbott — Alexia. 
Willis J. Abbott —Blue Jackets. 
J. ]^. Arnold — Biographer of Abraham Liiicohi and 
Benedict Arnold. 

J. P. Altgeld — Our Penal System. 

Leroy Armstrong — An Indian Man. 

Dr. Lewis J. Block — Exile, a Poem. 

Mrs. C. K. Burnham — iS'ext Door. 

Marguerite Bovert — Sweet William. 

Mary E. Burt — Literary Landmarks. 

Paul Cams ■— The Soul of Man. 

Mary Hartwell Catherwood — The Story of Tonty. 

J. D. Caton — Summer in Norway. 

Mrs. C. E. Cheney — History of the Civil War. 

Caroline F. Corbin — Rebecca. 

T. S. Dennison — The L^on Crowm. 

Prof. C. S. Farrar — Art Topics. 

John F. Finerty — War Path and Bivouac. 

J. W. Foster — Pre-historic Eaces. 

H. B. Fuller — Chevalier of Penseri-Yani. 

Amy Fay — Music Study in Germany. 

Eugene Field — Little Book of Western Verse. 

Prof. F. W. Fiske— Manual of Preaching. 

F. W. Gunsaulus — Monk and Knight. 

Elizabeth Hai-rison — A Study in Child ]N"ature. 

Eugene J. Hall — Poems for Farm and Fireside. 

George Howland — Poems. 

Augustus Jacobson — Higher Ground. 

Jenkin Lloyd Jones — Faith that makes Faithful. 

Elizabeth S. Kirkland — Short History of France. 



AIsD CHlCx\GO GUIDE. 163 

Joseph Kirkland — Zuiy. 

Mrs. J, H. Kinzie — Waubuii. 

Charles L. Marsh — Opeiimg the Oyster. 

W. S. B. Mathews — How to understand Music. 

Wilham Matthews — Gettmg on in the "World. 

Charles H. Roberts — Down the Ohio. 

Opie P. Reed — A Kentucky Colonel. 

W. M. Salter— Ethical Refigion. 

Margaret F. Sullivan — Mexico. 

Caroline K. Sherman — Goethe. 

Helen E. Starrett — Letters to a Daughter. 

Rev. David Swing — Club Essays. 

Benjamin F. Taylor — Poems. 

George P. Upton — Standard Operas. 

Dr. Louis "Watson — A Strange Infatuation. 

E. B. Washburne ~ Sketch of Edward Coles. 

Frances P. Willard — Mneteen Beautiful Years. 

Celia P. Woolley — Rachel Armstrong. 



LITERARY PR0DUCTIVE:N^ESS. 

Chicago postponed all literary effort until the seem- 
ingly more pressing labors of the builders of a city had 
been fairly accomplished. 'Not but that it supported a 
press alike capable and influential, nor that it failed to 
find frequent opportunity for listening to the most em- 
inent preachers and speakers. But the period down to 
1870 was similar to that passed through by America 
herself when engrossed in the struggle for daily exist- 
ence she satisfied her slight need for literary stimulus 
by an acquaintance with work being done in the East. 



1()4 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Mrs, J. ^N". Kinzie published in 1857 a book called 
Waubim, which however little known to those not to the 
manner born, has received high praise from the local 
judges of Chicago. George P. Upton is known to 
all readers of musical literature and his first appearance 
above the literary horizon belongs to the seventies. 
George F. Koot and H. C. Work are the authors of 
many war songs whose popularity promises to be 
perennial. The names of Benjamin F. Taylor, poet, 
and of Professor J. K. Boise, classical scholar, are so 
widely known as to render specialization unnecessary. 

The Kev. David Swing, the Rev. Pobert Collyer, 
and D wight L. Moody represent the pulpit's contribu- 
tion to influences recognized throughout the land. 

Chicago is the home of Isaac ]N". Arnold, the 
biographer of Abraham Lincoln and of Benedict Ar- 
nold; of Williams S. Mathews, whose unrivaled book 
called '^Getting on in the World" has been over- 
shadowed by the volume of his subsequent productive- 
ness. 



CHURCHES. 



Christ's Episcopal Church — 24th Street and Michi- 
gan Ave. 

Centenary M. E. Church — Monroe and Morgan 
Sts. 

Cathedral of the Holy E'ame — Superior and State 
Sts. 

Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul — Exchange and 
11th Sts. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 165 

Episcopal Cathedral — Peoria St. and Washington 
Boulevard. 

The Epiphany — Adams and Ashland. 

Emanuel Baptist Church — Michigan Ave. near 23d 
St. 

First Baptist Church — 31st St. and Park Ave. 

First Congregational Church — Ann St. and Indiana 
Ave. 

First Presbyterian Church, 21st and Indiana ave- 
nue. 

Grace Episcopal Church — Wabash Avenue. 

Moody's Church — Chicago and La Salle Sts. 

The Messiah — Flouray and Washington. 

Plymouth Congregational Church — 26th St. and 
Michigan Ave. 

St. James Reformed Episcopal Church — Cass and 
Huron Sts. 

Second Presbyterian Church — 20th and Michigan 
Ave. 

Second Baptist Church — Monroe and Morgan Sts. 

Sinai Synagogue — Indiana Ave. and 21st St. 

St. Paul's Episcopal Church — Adams St. and Win- 
chester Ave. 

Third Presbyterian Church — Ogden Ave. and Ash- 
land Boulevard. 

Union Park Congregational Church — Ashland Ave. 
and Washington Boulevard. 

Unity Church — Dearborn Ave. and Walton Place. 

Westminster Presbyterian Church — Peoria and 
Jackson Sts. 

Zion Temple. 



166 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



IMPEESSrVT] PUBLIC buildi:n"gs. 

The Auditorium — Michigan Ave. between Congress 
and Jackson Sts. 

Adams Express Buildmg — Washington between 
Dearborn and State Sts. 

Borden Block, Randolph and Dearborn. 

Board of Trade — La Salle and Jackson Sts. 

City Hall — Washington, Clark, Randolph, and La 
Salle. 

Chamber of Commerce Building — Foot of La Salle 
St. 

Caxton Building, 328 Dearborn. 

Exposition Building — Lake Front. 

First ]^ational Bank — Dearborn and Monroe Sts. 

First Regiment Armory — 16th St. and Michigan 
Ave, 

Gannis Block — Illinois Bank Building, 230 La 
Salle Street. 

Gaff Building — 230 La Salle. 

Home Insurance Building — 205 La Salle Street. 

Insurance Exchange — La Salle near Jackson. 

Montauk Block, 111 Montauk Block. 

Monad nock. 

Marshall Field and Co.' s — Adams, Franklin Qnincy 
and Fifth Ave. 

Masonic Temple — State and Randolph Sts. 

Manhattan Building — Dearborn and Monroe Sts. 

Manon Block, 320 Dearborn. 

dewberry Library — Oak and State Sts. 

IS^ewspapers : 

Abend Post — 181 Washino-ton'. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. * 167 

Chicago Evening Journal. — 161 Dearborn. 
" " Post — 166 Washington. 

" Globe — Washington and 5th Ave. 
'' Herald — La Salle and Washington Sts. 
" Inter-Ocean — Madison and Dearborn Sts. 
" Mail — Washington and 5th Ave. 
" Times — La Salle and Washington Sts. 
'' Tribune — Madison and Dearborn Sts. 
Daily ]^ews — La Salle and Washington Sts. 
Freie Presse — 94 Fifth Ave. 
Illinois Staats-Zeitung — Washington and 5th 
Ave. 
Owings Building — Adams and Dearborn Sts. 
Phoenix Building — 128 Jackson. 
Pike Block. 

Pullman .Building — Michigan avenue and Monroe 
Street. 

Pialto Building — La Salle and Adams. 
The Pookery — Monroe and La Salle. 
Traders' Building — 6 Pacific Avenue. 
Temperance Tabernacle — La Salle and Monroe. 
Tacoma Building — Madison and La Salle. 

United States Buildings : 

Appraiser's Building — Harrison and Sherman, 
Custom-House — Dearborn, Jackson, Clark and 

Adams. 
Post-Office. 

Woman's Medical College — 325 South Lincoln. 
Young Men's Christian Association — 118 Madison 

Street. 

Railway Depots : 

Polk Street and Third Avenue — Wabash. 



168 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION , 

Polk Street and Third Avenue — Chicago and Erie. 
Polk Street and Third Avenue — Chicago and Grand 

Trunk. 
Polk Street and Third Avenue — Atchison, Topeka, 

and Sante Fe. 
Front and Monroe Sts. — Baltimore and Ohio. 
Canal and Adams Sts. — Chicago and Alton. 
Canal and Adams Sts. — Chicago Burlington and 

Quincy. 
Canal and Adams Sts. — Chicago St. Louis and 

Pittsburg. 
Canal and Adams Sts. — Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and 

Chicago. 
Fifth Avenue and Harrison St. — Michigan Central. 
Fifth Avenue and Harrison St. — Chicago, St. Paul 

and Kansas City. 
Fifth Avenue and Harrison St. — Chicago and 

JSTorthern Pacific. 
Wells and Kinzie Sts. — Chicago and I^orth western. 
Tan Bnren and Sherman Sts. — Chicago Pock 

Island and Pacific. 
"Van Buren and Kinzie Sts. — Lakeshore and Michi- 
gan Southern. 
Lake Street — C. C. C. and St. Louis. 
Lake Street — Illmois Central. 



CHICAGO LITEKATI. 



In spite of its strong material bias, there has always 
been a decided literary interest in Chicago, as is shown 
by the many clubs and societies organized for the study 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 169 

of great books. People of culture were flocking to the 
city from the whole world, and did not lose their 
previous taste for letters. Chicago had its spell of 
Browning, and still to-day the poet is by no means 
neglected. In the year 1886 Mr. D. J. Snider made 
his first appearance in Chicago as a permanent resi- 
dent, and devoted his time to working up the subject 
of literature as it is manifested in what he calls 
Four Literary Bibles — Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, 
Goethe — showing a spiritual connection and succes- 
sion in the great poems of the world. After a year of 
preparatory work, Mr. Snider started his system of 
Literary Schools, the object ofj which was to arouse 
public interest by lectures from the most distinguished 
specialists in a given literary field. The first was the 
Dante School, daring the holidays of 1887, in which, 
among other noted lecturers, Dr. W. T. Harris, pres- 
ent Commissioner of Education, and Prof. Thomas 
Davidson, founder of the Dante Society of 'New York, 
took part. 

This Dante School was noticed quite extensively in 
the press of the country, which in a bantering way for 
the most part, declared that Chicago had taken a new 
departure. In the following year, 1888, the Goethe 
School took place after a course of preparatory lectures 
by Mr. Snider, which were well attended. Then in 
the year 1889 Shakespeare had his turn, with Chicago's 
then most distinguished clergymen among the lectur- 
ers. Prof. David Swing, Pev. Dr. Gonsaulus, and 
the Rev. Dr, Lorimer. In the week after Easter, 
1891, the Homer School had its session, which was 
maintained with unabated zeal and members, though 
Chicago was in the midst of an epidemic of " grippe." 



170 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Thus Mr. Snider' s cycle of Literary Bibles has been 
completed, and there is no sign of dropping the work. 
In the week after Easter, 1892, it is proposed to have 
the Dante School, with which the second cycle of study 
of the great poems of the world will begin. 

CLUBS. 

Clubs, social and liter ary, seem to belong to metropol- 
itan life, and though they directly affect the lives of but 
a small portion of any community, they generally excite 
23opular interest because of tlieir fine buildings, their 
social prestige, or their active influence in matters of cur- 
rent interest. 

Chicago is well supplied with the materials for club 
life, and th e better known associations are as follows : 

The Calumet Club (social), Calumet avenue and Twen- 
tieth street. 

Chicago Club (social), Monroe between State and AVa- 
bash avenue. 

Chicago Woman's Club (reformatory). 

Electric Club (scientific), 103 Adams street. 

Fortnightly Club (social and literary). Art Institute. 

Illinois Club (social), 154 South Ashland avenue. 

Iroquois Club (social), 110 Monroe street. 

La Salle Club (social), 252 Monroe street. 

Standard Club (social), Michigan avenue and Thirteenth 
street. 

Sunset Club (social and literary). 

Union Club (social), Washington place and Dearborn 
street. 

University Club (social), Dearborn street and Calhoun 
place. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. l7l 

Union League Club (political), Fourth avenue and 
Jackson street. 

White Chapel Club (social), 122 La Salle street. 

Wah Nah Ton Club (political). 

American philosophy requires one to pay attention to 
one's capabilities as well as to his short -comings. 

The leading artists of the day find a satisfactory market 
in Chicago, and as the star of empire moves westward, 
will increasingly extend their vision beyond New York, 
Boston, Philadelphia and Hartford. Firms such as Goupil 
have already learned that they have a profitable territory 
west of Niagara; and it is commonly known that it was a 
Californian who employed the skill of Meissonier, while 
Corots, Bougereaus, Verboeckhovens, are to be found in 
Chicago, St. Louis, Detroit and Cincinnati, as well as in 
the Eastern states. 

Thus far Chicago has established in addition to a flour- 
ishing Art School: 

The Academy of Design. 

The Art Institute — Michigan avenue and Van Buren 
street. 

The Bemis Gallery. 

Gunther's — State, between Monroe and Adams street. 

The Vincennes Gallery. 



AKT GALLERIES. 

It was thoroughly characteristic of Chicago to devote 
its first energies to the development of the corpus sanum, 
but the time has come when it is justified in seeking the 
mens sana. Art requires for its sustenance a considerable 
<?lientele of wealthy purchasers of its various forms of 



Iv2 THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

expression, and hence before the West could establish 
galleries, it was necessary that it should secure its mate- 
rial prosperity. 

Many costly works of art are now owned in Chicago* 
So, as our readers will notice, two of the more interesting 
portraits of Christopher Columbus are in Chicago. The 
excessive self-assertion of the West frequently leads 
the East to mock at Western boastfulness, for if it can- 
not comj)ete in healthful activity it has an impregnable 
position when it falls back upon its precedence in point 
of time. But it does not seem to have been noticed that 
if the W^est is boastful it can point to achievements palli- 
ating its boastfulness; nor that the very boastfulness 
itself is largely caused by its attempt, vv^hen grown, to 
secure emancipation from the tutelage of youth. Censors 
should remember that any lacking in age will be corrected 
by time. 



PARKS. 

West Side. — Humboldt — containing 200 acres. It is 
reached by the Milwaukee Avenue Cable, which runs along 
Madison street. 

Vernon — 

Garfield — containing 186 acres, and reached by the 
Madison Street Cable. 

Douglas — containing 180 acres, and reached by the 
Madison Street and Ogden Avenue Cable. 

Union — containing 113 acres, and reached by Madison 
Street Cable. 

South Side. — AVashington — containing 371 acres, and 
reached by the State Street and Wabash Avenue Cable. 
Take the car marked Cottage Grove, 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 173 

Jackson— containing 593 acres, extending from Fifty- 




L^^i^SMi. 



sixth street to Sixty-seventh street, and reached by Cot- 
tage Grove Avenue Cable. 



174 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Midway Plaisance — containing 80 acres, and readied by 
State Street Cable. 

Lake Front — 

North Side. — Lincoln — containing 250 acres, and 
readied by Wells Street Cable, or by North State street 
cars. It contains the Zoological Garden, with its aviaries, 
green-houses and palm -houses. Here are to be found sea- 
lions, bears, antelopes, buffalo, prairie-dogs, deer, foxes, 
raccoons, and wolves. It is rich in statuary, having 
memorials of Lincoln, Grant, La Salle, Schiller, Linnseus, 
besides a symbolical sculpture known as the Indian 
Group. An electrical fountain is likewise included in its 
objects of interest. It furnishes eight miles of drives, 
nine miles of walks, and twenty acres of water-surface. 

The following tribute to America's political savior is so 
fit a memorial that it is a great pleasure to publish it for 
the first time in ' ' The Historical World's Columbian Expo- 
sition and Chicago Guide ": 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

A child of nature: he was born and reared 
Amidst her pathless woods and prairies wild. 
She early taught her sympathetic child 
The lessons rich, whose noble fruit appeared 
In his grand life: and nothing he so feaied 
As false to prove unto her teaching mild. 
Not power vast or wrathful threats beguiled 
His steadfast soul, or his quick conscience seared. 
Anear the people's heart he ever stood, 
And, listening, heard its constant, faithful beat: 
Not as the demagogue, who vainly tries 
Each veering wind to catch for his own good, 
But knowing well that paths made by their feet 
By certain steps to Freedom's temple rise. 

Wm. J. S. Bryan. 
January 13th, 1893. 



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AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 177 



HOTELS. 



Of course, between now and 1893, Chicago will add 
largely to its hotel accommodations, but the leading hotels 
of the present will have lost none of their attractions. 

Many things unite to render the Auditorium (Michigan 
avenue between Congress and Jackson streets) easily 
chief. As a building, the Auditorium is one of the 
wonders of Chicago, and adds to its other attractions 
the possession of a theatre whose seating capacity exceeds 
that of any other public assembly-room. Every luxury 
known in the best American hotels (and the best Ameri- 
can hotels are certainly the best hotels in the world) is to 
be commanded at the Auditorium. 

The Chicago Hotel (Dearborn and Adams streets) is 
to compete with the Auditorium for the highest-class 
patronage. 

The Grand Pacific Hotel (Clark, Jackson and La Salle 
streets) has long been a favorite with the visitor to 
Chicago. 

The Leland (Michigan avenue and Jackson street) has 
maintained the traditional reputation of the Lelands as 
keepers of hotels. 

The Palmer House (State and Monroe streets) was, 
when built, a seven-days' wonder, and has continued to be 
one of the most popular of Chicago's hotels. 

The Sherman House (Clark and Randolph streets) has 
been eclipsed by more modern and more showy build- 
ings, but the comfort which it once furnished is still to be 
found there. 

The Saratoga Hotel (155 Dearborn street) is among 
the latest additions to the conveniences of the traveling 
public. 



178 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Tlie Tremont House (Lake and Dearborn streets), like 
the Sherman House, has been crowded back by its more 
ambitious competitors, but this very fact recommends it 
to the experienced traveler. 

The Richelieu (Michigan avenue between Jackson and 
Van Buren streets) is, both in location and management, 
one of the most select hotels of Chicago. 

The Pullman occupies the top story of the Pullman 
Building (Michigan avenue and Adams street), and 
enables one while feasting his palate to feast his eyes upon 
Lake Michigan and an attractive landscape. 

The Wellington is a fine new hotel, and is located on 
Wabash avenue and Jackson street. 



LIBRARIES AND SOCIETIES. 

Crerar Library. 

Chicago Athenaeum Library, 16-26 Van Buren street. 
Chicago Astronomical Society. 
Chicago Academy of Science. 
Newberry Library, Oak and State streets. 
State Microscopical Society. 
Society of Decorative Art. 
Union Catholic Library. 
Public Library, City Hall. 
Western Society of Engineers. 

Young Men's Christian Association, 148 Madison 
street. 

THEATRES. 

Auditorium, Michigan avenue between Van Buren and 
Congress streets. 



ANT> CHICAGO GUIDE. 179 

Chicago Opera House, Washington and Clark streets. 

Central Music Hall, Randolph and State streets. 

Columbia Theatre, Monroe and Dearborn street. 

Grand Opera House, Clark street between Randolph 
and Washington. 

Haymarket Theatre, Madison and Halstead streets. 

Hooley's Theatre, Randolph and La Salle streets. 

McVicker's Theatre, Madison between State and Dear- 
born streets. 

Panorama Building, Wabash avenue and Hubbard 
Court. 

MEDICAL COLLEGES AND HOSPITALS. 

Alexian Brothers Hospital, 539 N. Clark street. 
College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
Chicago Homoeopathic College. 
Hospital for Women and Children. 
Hahnemann Medical College. 
Hahnemann Hospital. 

GREAT INDUSTRIES. 

Everyone has heard of the stockyards of Chicago, and 
those whose attention is not engrossed by the unpleasant 
features belonging to a slaughter -pen, always find that a 
visit is well worth the time; for a business representing 
over two hundred and thirty millions of dollars annual 
manufacture is impressive, if merely from its vastness. 

Chicago as a grain market is quite as generally known, 
since for ihe year 1890, it handled 173^353^461 bushels 
of the grain of the United States, and 4^^358^058 barrels 
of its flour. 



180 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Still again, Chicago is a lumber centre, as may be 
realized from the fact that it handled 2,050,000,000 feet 
of the lumber produced in 1890. 

The volume of Chicago's commerce is indicated by its 
returns as a port of entry, which show that for the year 
1890 it paid duties amounting to 813,518,896.33. 

The wholesale trade in boots and shoes, carriages and 
wagons, dry goods, furniture, glassware, millinery, patent 
medicines, rubber goods, and ready-made clothing is like- 
wise of great extent. 

To the chronicles of Chicago should be added the fol- 
lowing events which have attracted general attention: 

1837-1838. — High-water flood, destroying property 
whose amount, though seemingly small to us of the pres- 
ent dav, meant almost ruin at a time when the total 
wealth of a great city was less than that which is now 
possessed by many a plutocrat. 

1877. — The labor riots, which, though most destructive 
at Pittsburg, did not spare any of the great centres of 
industry. 

1886.— The Haymarket riot of May 4th, which led 
many doubting Thomases to despair of American institu- 
tions, and flooded the papers and magazines with literary 
nostrums headed Communism and Socialism. The bomb 
which initiated the riot was thrown from a point about 
two hundred feet from the memorial which has been 
erected to mark the event It will doubtless be fresh in 
the minds of all that death was the penalty inflicted upon 
Engel, Fielding, Fischer and SjDies, and life-imprisonment 
that which was aAvarded to Xeebe, Parsons, Schwab and 
Ling; the last-named, however, committing suicide. The 
scene of the inception of the riot was Lake street near 
Desplaines. 



.#!; 




AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 183 



OB" THE 

WORLD'S Columbian Exposition. 



I. The Fine Arts. 

II. The Liberal Arts; Education, Engineering, Public Works, Architec- 
ture, Music and the Drama. 

III. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. 

IV. Ethnology and Archaeology. 

V. Electricity and Electrical Appliances. 

VI. Transportation. 

VII. Manufactures. 

VIII. Machinery. 

IX. Forestry and Forest Products. 

X. Agriculture; Food and Food Products, Farming Machinery and 

Appliances. 

XI. Viticulture, Horticulture and Floriculture. 

XII. Live Stock. 

XIII. Fish and Fisheries; Fish Products and Apparatus. 

XIV. Foreign Affairs. 

XV. Publicity and Promotion. 



184 THE WOELd's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



DEPAETMENT OF FINE AETS. 

Paris, in 1867, undertook to show the results of art as 
applied to articles of daily life, and lier "History of 
Labor " will be revised under more favorable conditions 
and upon a far grander scale at Chicago ; certainly the 
World's Columbian Exposition may be made the most 
efficient of instructors. 

The great living artists who are still busy with the pro- 
duction of their works will certainly be represented ; 
for patriotism and personal interests will stimulate Amer- 
icans, while foreigners will recognize that the United 
States have become the most satisfactory market for their 
creations. There is no foreign artist of good repute whose 
work cannot be found in some gallery of the United States, 
and as Director Ives has proved his successful manage- 
ment of loan exhibitions, there can be no doubt but 
that he T\dll be able to secure the chefs-d'oeuvres of 
living artists, even though this should require applica-^ 
tion to private owners. 

Reflect but for a moment upon the treasures of the Vat- 
ican, of Florence, of Siena, of Munich, Dresden, Vienna, 
and Berlin ; of Madrid, of the Louvi^e, and of the art gal- 
leries of Great Britain, and you can realize a Europe in 
America. Many celebrated paintings and sculptures can- 
not safely be transported, but yet the skill of the engraver 
and of the photographer can at least reproduce all but 
their coloring. Hear what the poet-critic says of an Ital- 
ian gallery, and then imagine the pleasure furnished any 
one who will at all prepare himself to enjoy the great 
work of the most successful artists : 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 185 



NOTES O^ DESIGISTS OF THE OLD MASTERS 
AT FLORENCE. 

BY ALGERNON" CHARLES SWINBUENE. 

But among the arts we must not forget tlie photograpli 
and the various modern processes by whicli there is brought 
before us at least the semblance of objects inaccessible at 
iirst hand. Autotypes, photogravures and photographs, 
though losing the effects of color, furnish accurately all 
that is needed for an intelligent study of the fine arts ; 
and these processes have been carried to such a degree of 
perfection as to promise a panorama which will lack 
neither completeness nor interest. 

The American Art School has come into existence, not 
for the purpose of creating galleries of rare and costly paint- 
ings, engravings, and sculptures which shall furnish the 
conservatories of the rich, but rather to give such ele- 
mentary instruction as shall quicken invention in the arts 
of design, and make a common possession which America 
regards as directly useful to all instead of a luxury de- 
signed to distinguished caste. 

Since Professor Halsey C. Ives, of the Washington Uni- 
versity, has been selected as Director of the display of 
Fine Arts at The World's Columbian Exposition, it is 
reasonable to infer his policy as Director of the Exposition 
from that which he has pursued as Director of the Museum 
of Fine Arts. The school under his direction has sought 
instruction in the elementary principles of Art, and the 
Museum has been used to bring together not the costly 
works of Meissonier, Bougereau and Verestchagin, but rather 
to gather such paintings and castes as might be of direct 



186 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

benefit to the art student. Professor Ives deserves the 
highest honor for availing himself of forces excited to ac- 
tivity by the labors of Dr. William T. Harris and his 
fellow-workers in what during its existence was known 
as The Art Society, and for creating with these a great 
Art School and Museum. But a merit quite as great is 
his, for he was sufficiently prescient to realize that for the 
truest success of Art its interests must be identified with 
that of the artisan, so that constant effort has been made 
to so present the artistic success of Europe as to stimulate 
the activity of designers who are specially liable to err by 
conventionality in a country in which mechanism plays so 
important a part. 

Professor Ives has frequently visited Europe to inspect 
the treasures of her galleries ; he is so familiar with the 
history of development in Art, that we may safely assume 
that at The World's Columbian Exposition the visitors 
will be delighted by paintings which, however varied in 
theme, will be alike in real excellence, while at the same 
time they cannot fail of being instructed by an arrange- 
ment calculated to show at a glance the many weary steps 
trodden by Art in passing from its infancy to the master 
pieces of the world's galleries. 

The display at Philadelphia, it will be remembered, oc- 
cupied an Annex ; and indeed, the character of the collec- 
tion led many to believe that the Art Gallery was merely 
an after-thought. At Chicago, Art will be given her 
proper recognition, and the connoisseur, the artisan, and 
the pleasure -seeker will each be provided for. 

There will be four sub -divisions : L, The History of 
Man ; II., The Liberal Arts ; III., Arts and Crafts ; IV. ^ 
Means of Transportation. 

Under the first heading will be furnished the workshops 



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m 




«!i ,..**«-■"": 




AT^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 189 

of the three ages, called by students The Age of Stone, 
The Age of Bronze, and The Age of Iron. There will 
likewise be reproductions of the ancient Chinese industry 
in cloisonne, and of the Greek manufacture of pottery. 

Under the second heading. Director Halsey C. Ives 
will undertake to represent the development of painting, 
sculpture and architecture — the materials used and the 
results achieved in each period. Such plans and measure- 
ments as are useful to the artisan in contrast with the 
artist, will be a prominent feature. Of course the claims 
of aesthetics will not be ignored, and visitors may be sure 
that we shall have no repetition of the Centennial art gal- 
lery, which was caviare to the lover of art, and wholly 
useless for technical suggestion. 

The History of Music and that of the Drama will like- 
wise be presented in this exhibit, so that while thoroughly 
instructive to the one who comes to learn, it cannot but 
have the liveliest interest for the mere ' ' looker-on in 
Vienna." 

Under the third heading will be developed the history 
of arts and crafts. 

Under the fourth heading will be exhibited in the order 
of their evolation, every known means of transportation — 
roads, bridges, canals, wharves, railways, carriages, 
coaches, vehicles, balloons, motors ; while such auxiliaries 
as light-houses, toll-houses, etc., will not be found absent. 

In the spring of 1864 I had the chance of spending 
many days in the Uffizj on the study of its several 
collections. Statues and pictures I found ranged and 
classed, as all the world knows they are, with full care 
and excellent sense; but one precious division of the 
treasury was then, and I believe is still, unregistered in 
catalogue or manual. The huge mass of original designs, 



190 THE world's coloibiax exposition 

ill pencil or iuk or chalk, swej^t together by Yasari and 
others, had then been but recently unearthed and partially 
assorted. Under former Tuscan governments this sacred 
deposit had lain unseen and unclassed in the lower cham- 
bers of the palace, heaped and huddled in portfolios by 
the loose stackful. A change of rule had put the matter 
at length into the hands of official men gifted with some- 
thing more of human reason and eyesight. Three rooms 
were filled with the select flower of the collection acquired 
and neglected by past Florentine governors. Each design 
is framed, glazed, labelled legibly outside with the de- 
signer s name : the arrangement is not too far from 
perfect for convenience of study. As there can be no 
collection of the kind more rich, more various, more 
singular of interest, I supplied for myself the want of a 
register by taking hasty memorial notes of all the im- 
portant designs as they fell in my way. They are not 
ranged in any order of time, nor are all a painter s drawings 
kept together ; some have samples scattered about various 
corners of difierent rooms, but all accessible and available. 
Space there is even bounded, and valued accordingly. 
In the under chambers there still remain piles of precious 
things but partially set in order. To these the public visitor 
has not access ; but through the courtesy of their guardian 
I was offered admission, and shown by him through the 
better part. There are many studies of the figure by 
Andrea del Sarto which deserve and demand a public 
place ; others also of interest which belong to the earlier 
Florentine school ; manv nameless but some recomizable 
by a student of that time of art. In stich studies as these 
the collection is naturally richest ; though, as will at once 
be seen, not poor in samples of Milanese or Venetian 
work. The fruitful vigor, the joyous and copious efiusion 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 191 

of spirit and labor, wMcli makes all early times of 
awakening art dear to all students and profitable to all, kas 
left noble fragments and relics behind, tke golden glean- 
ings of a full harvest. In these desultory notes I desire 
only to guide the attention to what seems worthiest of 
notice, without more form of order than has been given 
by the framers and hangers ; taking men and schools as 
they come to hand, giving precedence and prominence 
only to the more precious and significant. For guide I have 
but my own sense of interest and admiration ; so that, while 
making the list of things remarkable as complete and 
careful as I can, I have aimed at nothing further than to 
cast into some legible form my impression of the designs 
registered in so rough and rapid a fashion ; and shall 
begin my transcript with notices of such as first caught 
and longest fixed my attention. 

Of Leonardo the samples are choice and few ; full of 
that indefinable grace and grave mystery which belong to 
his slightest and wildest work. Fair, strange faces of 
women full of dim doubt and faint scorn, touched by the 
shadow of an obscure fate ; eager and weary, as it seems, 
at once, pale and fervent with patience or passion, — 
allure and perplex the eyes and thoughts of men. There 
is a study here of Youth and Age meeting ; it may be, 
of a young man coming suddenly upon the ghostly, 
figure of himself as he will one day be ; the brilliant life 
in his face is struck into sudden pallor and silence, the 
clear eyes startled, the happy lips confused. A fair, 
straight -featured face, with full curls fallen or blown 
against the eyelids ; and confronting it, a keen, wan, 
mournful mask of flesh : the wise, ironical face of one 
made subtle and feeble by great age. The vivid and 
various imagination of Leonardo never fell into a form 



192 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOjS" 

more poetical than iu this design. Grotesques, of course, 
are not wanting ; and there is a noble sketch of a griffin 
and lion locked or dashed together in the hardest throes 
of a final fight, which is full of violent beauty; and again, 
a study of the painter's chosen type of woman ; thin-lipped, 
with a forehead too high and weighty for perfection or 
sweetness of form ; cheeks exquisitely carved, clear, pure 
chin and neck, and grave eyes full of a cold charm ; folded 
liands, and massive haii' gathered into a net; shapely and 
splendid as a study for Pallas or Artemis. 

Here, as in his own palace, and wherever in Florence 
xhe shadow of his supreme presence has fallen and the 
mark of his di^dne hand been set, the work of Michel 
Angelo for a time effaces all thought of other men or 
gods. Before the majesty of his imperious advent the 
lesser kings of time seem, as it were, men bidden to rise 
up from their thrones, to cover their faces and come 
down. Not gratitude, not delight, not sympathy, is the 
first sense excited in one suddenly confronted with his 
designs ; fear, rather, oppressive reverence, and well nigh 
intolerable adoration. Their tragic beauty, their inexplic- 
able strength and wealth of thought, their terrible and 
exquisite significance, — ^all the powers they unveil and all 
-the mysteries they reserve, all their suggestions and all 
their suppressions, are at first adorable merely. Delight- 
ful beyond words they become in time, as the subtler and 
weightier work of ^schylus or Shakespeare ; but like 
these, they first fill and exalt the mind with a strange and 
violent pleasure which is the highest mood of worship ; 
reverence intensified to the last endurable degree. The 
mind, if then it enjoys at all or wonders at all, knows lit- 
tle of its own wonder or its own enjoyment ; the air and 
light about it is too fine and pure to breathe or bear. The 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 193 

least thought of these men has in it something intricate 
and enormous, faultless as the formal work of their tri- 
umphant art must be. All mysteries of good and evil, 
all wonders of life and death, lie in their hands or at their 
feet. They have known the causes of things, and are not 
too happy. The fatal labor of the world, the clamor and 
iunger of the open-mouthed, all-summoning grave, all 
fears and hopes of ephemeral men, are indeed made sub- 
ject to them, and trodden by them underfoot; but the 
sorrow and strangeness of things are not lessened because 
io one or two their secret springs have been laid bare, and 
the courses of their tides made known ; refluent evil and 
good, alternate grief and joy, life inextricable from death, 
change inevitable and insuperable fate. Of the three, 
Michel Angelo is saddest ; on his, the most various genius 
of the three, the weight of things lies heaviest. Glad or 
sad as the days of his actual life may have been, his work 
in the fullness of its might and beauty, has most often a 
mournful meaning, some grave and subtle sorrow latent 
under all its life. Here in one desio:n is the likeness of 
perishable pleasure ; Vain Delight, with all her children ; 
one taller boy has drawn off a reverted and bearded 
mask, on which another lays hold with one hand, finger- 
ing it as with lust or curiosity ; his other hand holds to 
the mother's knee ; behind her a third child lurks and 
cowers ; she, with a hard, broad smile of dull pleasure, 
feeds her eyes on the sight of her own face in a hand-mir- 
ror. Fear and levity, cruelty and mystery, make up their 
mirth; evil seems to impend over all these joyous heads, 
to hide behind all these laughing features ; they are things 
too light for hell, too low for heaven ; bubbles of the 
earth, brilliant and transient and poisonous, blown out of 

unclean foam by the breath of meaner spirits, to glitter 
11 



194 • THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

and quiver for. a little under the beams of a mortal sun. 
Cruel and curious and ignorant, all their faces are full of 
mean beauty and shallow delight. Hard by, a troop of 
Loves haul after them, with mocking mouths and strain- 
ing arms, a live human mask, a hollow face shorn off 
from the head, old and grim and sad, worn through and 
and through with pain and time, from the vexed forehead 
to the sharp chin, which grates against the ground ; the 
eyes and lips full of suffering, sardonic and helpless ; the 
face of one knowing his fate, who has resigned himself 
sadly and scornfully to the violence of base and light 
desires ; the grave and great features all hardened into 
suffering and self -contempt. 

But in one separate head there is more tra2!;ic attraction 
than in these : a woman's, three times studied, with 
divdne and subtle care ; sketched and re -sketched in youth 
and age, beautiful always beyond desire and cruel beyond 
words ; fairer than heaven and more terrible than hell ; 
pale with pride and weary with wrong -doing ; a silent 
anger against God and man burns, white and repressed,, 
through her clear features. 

In one drawing she wears a head-dress of eastern fashion 
rather than western, but in effect made out of the artist's 
mind only ; plaited in the likeness of closely welded scales 
as of a chrysalid serpent, raised and waved and rounded 
in the likeness of a seashell. In some inexplicable way 
all her ornaments seem to partake of her fatal nature, to 
bear upon them her brand of beauty fresh from hell ; and 
this through no vulgar machinery of symbolism, no ser- 
pentine or otherwise bestial emblem : the bracelets and 
rings are innocent enough in shape and workmanship ; but 
in touching her flesh they have become infected with 
deadly and malignant meaning. Broad bracelets divide 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. ' 195 

the shapely splendor of her arms ; over the nakedness of 
her firm and luminous breasts, just below the neck, there is 
passed a band as of metal. Her eyes are full of proud 
and passionless lust after gold and blood ; her hair, close 
and curled, seems ready to shudder in sunder and divide 
into snakes. Her throat, full and fresh, round and hard 
to the eye as her bosom and arms, is erect and stately, the 
head set firmly on it without any droop or lift of the chin ; 
her mouth crueller than a tiger's, colder than a snake's, and 
beautiful beyond a woman's. She is the deadlier Venus in- 
carnate, for upon earth also many names might be found for 
her : Lamia re -transformed, invested now with a fuller 
beauty, but divested of all feminine attributes not native 
to the snake, — a Lamia loveless and unassailable by the 
sophist, readier to drain life out of her lover than to fade 
for his sake at his side; or the Persian Amestris, watching 
the only breasts on earth more beautiful than her own cut 
ofi from her rival's living bosom; or Cleopatra, not dying 
but turning serpent under the serpent's bite ; or that queen 
of the extreme East, who with her husband marked every 
day as it went by some device of a new and wonderful 
cruelty. In one design, where the cruel and timid face of 
a king rises behind her, this crowned and cowering head 
might stand for Ahab's, and her's for that of Jezebel. 
Another study is in red chalk ; in this the only ornaments 
are ear-rings. In a third, the serpentine hair is drawn up 
into a tuft at the crown with two ringlets hanging, heavy 
and deadly as small tired snakes. There is a drawing in 
the furthest room at the Buonarroti Palace, which recalls 
and almost reproduces the design of these three. Here 
also the electric hair, which looks as though it would hiss 
and glitter with sparks if once thouched, is wound up to 
a tuft with . serpentine plaits and involutions ; all that 



196 TllE WORLDS COLUMBIAIS' EXPOSITION 

remains of it unbound falls in one curl, shaping itself 
into a snake's likeness as it unwinds, right against a living 
snake held to breast and throat. This is rightly registered 
as a study for Cleopatra; but notice has not yet been ac- 
corded to the subtle and sublime idea which transforms 
her death by the aspic's bite into a meeting of serpents 
which recognize and embrace, an encounter between the 
woman and the worm of Mle, almost as though this match 
for death were a monstrous love-match, or such a mystic 
marriage as that painted in the loveliest passage of 
Salammbo^ between the maiden body and the scaly coils 
of the serpent and the priestess alike made sacred to the 
moon ; so closely do the snake and the queen of snakes 
caress and cling. Of this idea Shakespeare also had a 
vague and great glimpse when he made Antony mur- 
mur, ^ ' WJiere's my serpent of old Nile? " mixing a forecaste 
of her death with the full sweet savor of her supple and 
amorous ' ' pride of life. " For what indeed is lovelier or 
more luxuriously loving than a strong and graceful snake 
of the noblier kind? 

After this the merely terrible designs of Michel Angelo 
are shorn of half their horror ; even the single face as of 
one suddenly caught and suddenly released from hell, 
with, wild drapery blown behind it by a wind not of this 
world, strikes upon the sight and memory of a student 
less deeply and sharply. Certain of his slight and swift 
studies for damned souls and devils — designs probably 
for the final work in which he has embodied and made 
immortal the dream of a great and righteous judgment 
between soul and soul — resemble much at first sight, and 
more on longer inspection, the similar studies and designs 
of Blake. One devil indeed recalls at once the famous 
^' ghost of a flea," having much of the same dull and 



A:N'D CHICAGO GUIDE. 197 

liquorish violence of expression. Other sketches iii the 
small chamber of his palace bring also to mind his great 
English disciple : the angry angel poised as in fierce 
descent ; the falling figure with drawn -up legs, splendidly 
and violently designed ; the reverted head showing teeth 
and nostrils ; the group of two old men in hell ; one looks 
up howling, with level face ; one looks down with lips 
drawn back. Nothing can surpass the fixed and savage 
agony of his face, immutable and imperishable. In this 
same room are other studies worth record ; a Virgin and 
Child, unfinished, but of supreme strength and beauty ; 
the child fully drawn, with small strong limbs outlined 
in faint red, rounded and magnificent ; soft vigorous arms, 
and hands that press and cling. There is a design of a 
covered head, looking down ; mournful with nervous 
mouth, with clear and deep-set eyes ; the nostril strong 
and curved. Another head, older, with thicker lips, is 
drawn by it in the same attitude. 

Beside the Jezebel or Amestris of the Ufiizj there is a 
figure of Fortune, with a face of cold exaltation and high, 
clear beauty ; strong wings expand behind her, or shadows 
rather of vast and veiled plumes ; below her the wheel 
seems to pause, as in a lull of the perpetual race. 

This design was evidently the sketch out of which the 
picture of Fortune in the Corsini Palace was elaborated 
by some pupil of the master's. In that picture, as in the 
Venus and Cupid with mystic furniture of melancholy 
masks and emblems in the background, lodged liow in 
the last Tuscan chamber but one of the Uffizj, the meaner 
hand of the executive workman has failed to erase or 
overlay the great and fruitful thought of that divine mind 
in which their first conceptions lay and gathered form. 
The strong and laughing god treading with a vigorous 



198 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOT^ 

wantonness tlie fair flesh of his mother ; the goddess lan- 
guid and effused like a broad -blown flower, her soft 
bright side pressed hard under his foot and nestling heel, 
her large arm lifted to wrest the arrow from his hand, 
with a lazy and angry mirth ; and at her feet the shelves 
full of masks, sad inverted faces, heads of men overset, 
blind strings of broken puppets forgotten where they fell ; 
all these are as clearly the device of Michel Angelo's great 
sad mind as the handiwork is clearly none of his. Near 
the sketch of Fortune is a strange figure, probably worked 
up into some later design. A youth with reverted head, 
wearing furry drapery with j)lumy fringes, has one leg 
drawn up and resting on a step ; the face, as it looks 
back, is laughing with fear ; the hysterical horror of some 
unseen thing is branded into the very life of its fair fea- 
tures. This violent laugh as of a child scared into mad- 
ness subjects the whole figure, brilliant and supple in 
youth as it seems, to the transformation of terror. Upon 
this design also much tragic conjecture of allegory or 
story might be spent, and wasted. 

There are here no other sketches so terrible, except one 
of hell, by Luca Signorelli, rough and slight in compari- 
son : a fierce chaos of figures fighting, falling, crushing 
and crushed together; their faces hissed at and their limbs 
locked round by lithe snakes ; their eyes blasted and lid- 
less from the hot wind and heaving flame ; one lost face of 
a woman looks out' between two curving bat's wings, 
deadlier than the devils about her, who plunge and strug- 
gle and sink. 

The sketches of Filippo Lippi are exquisite and few. 
One above all, of Lucrezia Buti, in her girlhood, as the 
painter found her at Prato in the convent, is of a beauty 
so intolerable that the eyes can neither endure nor abstain 




:l 






\i 



/ AJS-D CHICAGO GUIDE. 201 

from, it without a pleasure acute even to pain wliicli 
compels them to cease looking, or a desire which, as it 
compels them to return, relapses into delight. Her face 
is very young, more faultless and fresher than the first 
forms and colors of morning ; her pure mouth small and 
curved, cold and tender ; her eyes, set with an exquisite 
mastery of drawing in the clear and gracious face, seem 
to show actual color of brilliant brown in their shapely 
and lucid pupils, under their chaste and perfect eyelids ; 
her hair is deeply drawn backwards from the sweet, low 
brows and small rounded cheeks, heaped and hidden 
away under a knotted veil, whose flaps fall on either side 
of her bright, round throat. The world has changed for 
painters and their Virgins since the lean school of Angelico 
had its day and its way in art ; this study assuredly was 
not made by a kneeling painter in the intervals of prayer. 
More vivid, more fertile, and more dramatic than Li]3po, 
the great invention and various power of Benozzo never 
produced a face like this. For pure and simple beauty it 
is absolutely unsurpassable; innocent enough also for 
a Madonna, but pure by nature, not chaste through 
religion. No creeds have helped to compose the holiness 
of her beauty. The meagre and arid sanctities of women 
ascetic by accident or abstemious by force have nothing in 
common with her chastity. She might be as well a 
virgin chosen of Artemis as consecrated to Christ. Mystic 
passions and fleshless visions have never taken hold upon 
her sense or faith. No flower and no animal is more inno- 
cent ; none more capable of giving and of yielding to the 
pleasure that they give. Before the date of her immortal 
lover, there was probably no artist capable of painting 
such a thing at all ; and in none of his many -paintings 



202 THE WORLD S COLUMBIAX EXP0SITI0:N" 

does tlie stolen nun look and smile with a more triumpliant 
and serene supremacy of beauty. 

There are two studies of the Holy Family by Lippo 
in these rooms ; the one nearest the separate head of 
Lncrezia is a sketch for the picture above the doorway in 
the far small room filled with works of the more ancient 
masters only. The St. John in this sketch is admirable 
for fat strength and childish character ; and the entire 
gronp, in outline as in color, full of that tender beauty 
combined mth vigorous grace of which this great painter 
never fails The second study is more curious ; the child 
lies between the mother's and a nurse's hands ; a laro^e 
book lies open on a broad straw chair, and a tall boy 
leans upon the chair and watches. The attempted realism 
here is as visible as in the other is a voluntary subjection 
to conventional habit and the beauty of prescription. 
Xear the first group are some small studies of separate 
figures ; two of boys, very beautiful. One, a school-boy 
or chorister, seemingly, is seated on a form, and clothed 
in a long, close gown ; his face, grave and of exquisite 
male beauty, looking down as if in pain or thought ; from 
some vessel at his feet rises a thick column of lighted 
smoke. Another boy with full curled hair is drawn as- 
walking close behind. 

Of Sandro Botticelli the samples are more frequent ; 
and in these simple designs the painter is seen at no dis- 
advantage. The dull and dry quality of his thin, pallid 
coloring can here no longer impair the charm of his 
natural grace, the merit of his strenuous labor. Many of 
his single figures are worthy of praise and study : the 
head of a girl with gathered hair ; the figure of a youth 
raised frDm the dead ; that of an old man with a head like 
a satyr's. Two groups not far apart may be used as 



AIN-D CHICAGO GUIDE. 203 

studies of his various power and fancy. The first, of two 
witches loosely draped, not of the great age common to 
their kind ; one stirs and feeds the fire under a caldron of 
antique fashion and pagan device ; one turns away with a 
hard, dull smile, showing all her wolfish teeth. The 
second, of a tuft of marsh -lilies midway on a steep and 
bare hillside ; under them, where the leaves and moistened 
earth are cool from the hidden well-head, a nymph lies 
deeply asleep ; Cupid, leaning and laughing over her with 
a clear and crafty face, presses one hand upon her bosom 
while the other draws out an arrow. The design is full of 
fresh beauty, a sense of light and wind and fragrant high- 
lying land. A Virgin with veil bound up is among the 
gracef ullest and purest of his many studies in that kind. 

Here also is a sketch for the single figure of Venus, 
seemingly the one sold in England in 1863, with no 
girdle of roses round the flanks ; not the lovelier or likelier 
Venus of the two. Another careful satyr -like head 
suggests the suppressed leaning to grotesque invention 
and hunger after heathen liberty which break out when- 
ever this artist is released from the mill -horse round of 
mythologic virginity and sacred childhood ; in which at all 
times he worked with such singular grace and such ingen- 
uity of pathetic device. A sample of his religious manner 
is the kneeling angel with parted lips and soft, fair face ; 
another, the figure of St. John wrapped in skins. Among 
the unregistered designs here is one, evidently a study for 
the male figure in Botticelli's beautiful and battered picture 
of Spring; beautiful for all its quaintness, pallor, and 
deformities. The sketched figure is slightly made, with 
curling hair, and one hand resting by the hip ; the tree to 
which in the picture he turns and reaches after fruit is not 
here given. Among others which may belong to this 



204 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIO]N' 

painter is the sketch of a heavy, beardless mask, with fat 
regular features, round chin, and open lips ; an older face, 
three-quarters seen, with a sick and weary look in the 
lips, with eyes and cheeks depressed; a child's head, 
large, sharp though round, studied evidently and carefully 
from the life ; the mouth curved, with long lips ; an old 
profile, aquiline and small ; and a head somewhat resem- 
bling that of Blake, bald, but with curling hair on the 
temples ; with protuberant brow and protrusive underlip, 
the chin also prominent. In all these is the same constant 
and noble effort to draw vigorously and perfectly, in many 
the same faint and almost painful grace, which give a 
distinct value and a curious charm to all the works of 
Botticelli. 

The splendid and strong fertility of Filippino Lippi, 
unequalled save by that of Benozzo, has here borne much 
noble fruit. His numerous sketches are ranged in differ- 
ent rooms, far apart from each other, among various 
samples of his own school and time, and may be noted 
at random, single figures and larger groups alike. The 
artist had less gift of reproducing physical beauty, less 
lyric loveliness of work, less fulness of visible and con- 
tagious pleasure in his execution, than his father ; but far 
more of variety, of flexible emotion, of inventive enjoy- 
ment and indefatigable fancy. From the varied and 
vagrant life of the elder these qualities might rather have 
been expected to develop in him than in his son ; but if 
Lippo is more of a painter, Lippino is more of a dramatist. 
To him apparently the sudden varieties and resources of 
secular art becoming visible and possible conveyed and 
infused into his work a boundless energy of delight. 
Much may be traced to his master Botticelli ; more to the 
force of a truly noble blood inherited from the monk and 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 205 

nun his parents, glorious above all their kind for beauty, 
for courage and genius ; most of all to the native impulse 
and pliancy of his talent. From his teacher we may 
derive the ambition after new things, the desire of various 
and liberal invention, the love of soft hints and veiled 
meanings, with something now and then of the hard types 
of face and form, the satisfaction apparently found in dry 
conventional faults, which disfigure the beauty of Botti- 
celli's own pictures. With these types, however, he was 
not long content ; no faces can be fuller of a lovely life and 
brilliant energy than many of Lippino's ; and his father's 
incomparable sense of beauty could not but have preserved 
from grave or continual error even a son who had not 
inherited and acquired so many and such noble powers. 
It is singular that some of the faultiest and most favorite 
types of his master reappear in the late frescoes of Lippino, 
which add even to the church of Santa Maria Novella new 
glory and beauty. In those two great pictures of martyr- 
dom and miracle there are faces suggestive of overmuch 
leather and bony outline, such as Botticelli, in the violent 
pursuit of realism, too often allowed himself to design for 
the sake of genuine expression and physical fidelity. 
Whereas, in Lippino's earlier and greater frescoes at the 
Carmine, there is no shortcoming of the kind. A fair 
sample of the somewhat lean and fleshless beauty, worn 
down, it seems, by some sickness or natural trouble, 
rather than by any ascetic or artificial sorrow, in which 
Botticelli must have taught his pupil to take pleasure, is 
here in the veiled head of Simonetta, thin-faced, with 
small, sharp features, bright, intent eyes, and rip|)ling hair; 
a model, it will be be remembered, dear to the teacher of 
Lippino. Scarcely less in the manner of his master is 
the figure of an angel waiting by a door, or the group of 



206 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

witches and beggars, full of fierce tumultuous grace. 
Near tliese is the strange typical figure of a woman hold- 
ing what seems some armorial blazon on a scroll in her 
hand ; her face is also thin, fierce, and hesitating ; some 
doubtful evil, some mystery of a witch's irresolute anger, 
is half expressed and half suppressed by her features and 
action. If, indeed, she was meant simply for the presiding 
genius of a family or some allegoric spirit about to pro- 
claim their titles, the artist has contrived to give her 
rather the aspect of a sorceress who holds their house in 
her hand, a Sidonia, ready to destroy their hope of gen- 
eration by a single spell. Especially will she recall the 
heroine of Meinhold to those who have seen Mr. E. Burne 
Jones' nobler drawing of the young Sidonia wearing a 
gown whose pattern is of branching and knotted snakes, 
black upon the golden stuff ; for the garment of this 
witch also is looped up and*brooched with serpents. 

Not far off is the figure of a youth, turbaned, with both 
hands clasping a staff ; his face that of one suddenly 
startled; noticeable, as are all these smaller studies, for 
graceful and individual character. Two larger sketches 
in the same room seem to be either parts of a single story 
or dubious and tentative studies taken while the artist 
had not made up his mind how to work and what to 
work upon. In the one, Cupids discover a knight 
sleeping in some dim, spell-bound place; with soft 
laughter, with silent feet and swift fingers, they draw off 
his armor and steal away the sword and helmet, leaving^ 
his head bare to the dew and wind of that strange twi- 
light. In the other division, parted off by a mere rough 
line drawn across the paper, a knight, armed and newly 
landed from a ship just inshore, finds a maiden asleep 
under the sea-rocks ; in the low sky behind the ship 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 207 

a faint fire of dawn has risen, and touches the shadowed 
shore and the dissolving clouds with growing and hesi- 
tating light. The design was not improbably made for a 
picture of Bacchus and Ariadne ; it has the cold and lucid 
iDcauty of an older legend translated and transformed into 
mediaeval shape. More than any others, these painters 
of the early Florentine school reproduce in their own art 
the style of thought and work familiar to a student of 
Chaucer and his fellows or pupils. Nymphs have faded 
into faries, and gods subsided into men. A curious 
realism has grown up out of that very ignorance and 
perversion which seemed as if it could not but falsify 
whatever thing it touched upon. The study of Filip- 
pino's has all the singular charm of the romantic school 
which remains alike remote from pure tradition and alle- 
goric invention. This clear form has gone, the old 
beauty dropped out of sight ; no freshness and fervor of 
no significance has come to supply it ; no memory and 
new desire has begun to reach back with studious eye 
and reverted hands towards it, as towards some purer 
and fuller example of art than any elsewhere obtainable ; 
but the mediaeval or romantic form has an incommuni- 
cable charm of its own. False and monstrous as are the 
conditions and the local coloring with which it works, the 
forms and voices of women and men which it endeavors 
to make us see and hear are actually audible voices and 
visible forms. Before Chaucer could give us a Pandarus 
or a Cressida, all knowledge and memory of the son of 
Lycaon and the daughter of Chryses must have died out, 
the whole poem collapsed into romance ; but far as these 
may be removed from the true tale and the true city of 
Troy, they are not phantoms ; they tread real earth and 
breathe real air, though it be not in Greece or Troas. 



208 THE world's COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITION 

Discrowned of epic tradition, dispossessed of divine 
descent, they are not yet wholly modern, not yet degraded ■ 
and deformed into base and bruitish likeness by the real- 
ism and the irony of Shakespeare. Divine they are no 
longer, bnt not as yet merely porcine and vulpine. So it is 
with such designs as this Ariadne, if Ariadne it be ; they 
belong to the same age, almost to the same instant, of 
transition. Two great samples exist of this school 
among painters : the Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli, 
the death of Procris by Piero di Cosimo. Of Filip- 
pino's sketch the chief charm lies in a dim light of magic 
morning mixed with twilight, and shed over strange seas 
and a charmed shore. No careful and grateful student of 
this painter can overlook his special fondness for sea- 
sides ; the tenderness and pleasure with which he touches 
upon the green opening of their chines or coombs, the 
clear low ranges of their rocks. Two admirable pictures 
in Florence bear witness to this: in the Uffizj his great 
Adoration of the Magi, where beyond the farthest mead- 
ows and behind the tallest trees far-off downs and cliffs 
open seaward, and farther yet pure narrow spaces inter- 
vene of gracious and silent sea ; and in the Pitti his small 
similar landscape of the Nativity, where adoring angels 
rain roses after roses over mother and child ; and outside 
a close fence of interwoven rose-bushes the sweet and 
various land breaks down to a green clear shore after 
miles of rock and watery field. But that something of 
the same fondness is perceptible in Botticelli (especially 
in the background of his Venus, and in a very small 
picture at the Academia of St. Augustine and the child - 
angel, where infinite quiet capes and headlands divide bay 
from receding bay), it might be imagined that Avith the 
blood of a father who had roved and labored perforce by 



AT^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 209 

sea Filippino liad inlierited some salt relish of tlie pure 
wide water and various shore unknown to the placid 
inland painters of his age content as cattle or sheep with 
the valley and the field. To him, therefore, rather than 
to Filippo, in whom this note of preference is not so per- 
ceptible, must on all accounts be assigned the honor — for 
to either it must be an additional honor — of having 
painted the Holy Family in the Corsini Palace, where 
children made music on strange instruments, and in the 
background low broken rocks enclose and reveal cold 
inlets and quiet reaches of the sea. The color and man- 
ner too seem altogether those of Lippino. 

His finest study here of a single figure is in another 
part of the room ; a beautiful head of a youth bent side- 
ways, with curls blown back and eager, joyful eyes under 
lifted brows and eyelids ; the lips parted with eloquent 
and vehement expression of pleasure ; his cloak is loose, 
but the collar close about the round and splendid column 
of his throat ; the mouth seems indeed to talk, the hair 
to vibrate, the eyes to glitter. JSTear it is a group also 
noticeable, a boy seated and reaching out both arms 
towards a girl near by ; full of vivid grace and action. 
Here, too, is a long narrow drawing for an architectural 
facade ; in a niche St. Martin, and the, beggar who holds 
the cloak for the saint to cut ; the design is active and 
careful, capable of being put to noble use in fresco or 
sculpture. 

Another slight sketch suffices to show the power and 
enjoyment of a great artist ; the bull which has borne 
Europa far out into mid-sea, looking back with reverted 
horn and earnest eye, plunges on ahead through a dim 
swell of obscure and heaving water. JSFo land is in sight, 
and no sky given; the faint full wave of outer sea, be- 



210 THE world's coliimbiais" exposition 

3'ond roller or breaker, is dimly seen to sweep and heave 
in continuous moving outline. A design apparently for 
the story of Phaeton (or more probably, as I now think, 
of Hippolytus) has the same kind of mediaeval realism 
as that of Ariadne ; four horses plunge violently for- 
ward, whirling after them charioteer and chariot ; one 
alone turns backward his reinless neck in angry liberty ; 
a man hard by, staff in hand, warns eagerly and vainly 
with hopeless hand and voice. Near this is a noble 
figure of Fear ; the spirit or god of this passion, attired 
in red, with hair loose under a cap lightly set on ; in his 
hand a bow without a bow-string; the whole form and 
face violently afraid, terrified even to passion. In the 
second are two other remarkable studies assigned to 
Filippino ; one of a woman with low fat eyelids, round 
iDare forehead, and cheeks with the hair drawn well off, 
and a short, strained throat. The other, a composition of 
three figures ; one, with a cap half covering his curls, 
seems to remonstrate ; one, turning away, rests his foot 
sideways on a stool, showing the sole ; a third, with face 
and left arm raised together, grasps a stool in his right 
hand. The story or sense of this design may be conjec- 
tured by those who have time or taste for such guess-work. 
The studies by Paolo Uccello give proof in the main 
rather of his laborious care and devout desire to work 
well then of his rare and vigorous fancy. Separate heads 
and figures of his drawing recur in more than one division;' 
one at least is worth a second look ; an ancient close- 
capped head, with ear bent up as by continuous pressure 
upon it of knight's helmet or citizen's bonnet ; the eye 
bright, and the neck thick ; the mouth, with underlip 
thrust out; expressive of a sick and scornful fatigue ; a 
portrait seemingly of some one overworked by thoughtful 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 213 

or active life ; an old man of great strength now wear- 
ing weak. Other figures, less suggestive, are not less 
vigorous in design : studies of men wrestling and sleep- 
ing, and two or three of a boy wrought evidently after the 
same model, various in grace of attitude ; now setting and 
now kneeling, and again seen from behind leaning on a 
spear, holding one foot with his hand, the full drapery 
drawn with skill and labor. Among other such academic 
studies we may notice that of a naked man, bony and 
sinewy in build of figure, seated on a narrow chair and 
holding out at arm's length a spear or staff. The woman 
resting against another chair is singularly beautiful for an 
artist who seems oftener to have painted men and animals 
in scenes of war or labor. Two other woman are sitting 
near ; another drawing of the same man shows him sitting 
on the ground and clasping his knees. There is yet an- 
other study of wrestlers, one lifting the other back to 
back with a violent grace of action. In a small drawing 
of a boy watching some beast feed, which may be a 
rabbit or not, the boy's head recalls a noticeable head by 
Benozzo in the group of singing angels near the altar of 
the Eiccardi chapel; a head full-curled, open-mouthed, 
showing the teeth bare ; suddenly recalling the more gro - 
tesque manner of Blake in the midst of those fair, smooth 
faces of serene and joyous angels. Two more of these 
sketches may here be set down ; one of a child, swift and 
slight ; one of the Moorish king Balthazar, bearing his 
gifts for Christ. All these, however graceful and good, 
are simply sketched for the sake of such draperies and 
postures ; elsewhere the man's strong fancy and freshness 
of invention stand more visibly forward. His finest 
sketch here given is a design which recalls Chaucer's tale 
of three robbers, who seeking for Death to slay him are 



t?14 THE world's columeiax expositiox 

directed by an old man to a field where lies a great heajD 
of treasui'e ; tlie two elder send tlie youngest for "\\ine, 
tliat they may drink together to their good luck, and 
when left alone devise to slay him on his return and share 
the spoil ; meantime he buys them poison for wine, being 
mindful of past violences, and covetous as they of the 
treasure; he returning is stabbed, and his murderers 
drink and die ; and thus all three overtake the death they 
souo'ht. In this draAvino; of Paolo's three men lie dead in 
a wide, woody field ; the youngest in front, turned half 
over on his face as one who has died hard; the two others 
rigid and supine, with faces upturned to the bleak heaven, 
as men slain by sudden judgment. 

The rare trees growing in this fatal field of blood, a 
TDarren and storm -swept Aceldama, are bare of limb and 
w^orried with wind, blown out of shape and vexed with 
violent air ; not a bird or beast has here place to feed or 
sing, but a gray and drifted roof of cloud leaves dark the 
shaken grass and haggard trees. 

Piero cli Cosimo has not here more than three or four 
drawings ; not, however, mere studies after models, but 
composition marked with the strong romantic invention, 
the subtle questionable grace, which more or less dis- 
tinguish at all times from his fellows the painter of Pro- 
cris and Andromeda. Here the sacred dove is seen 
poising over the heads of children at prayer, two hold- 
ing an open book, others bearing lilies ; a design of the 
pure, blind pleasure of worship. 

There a saint enters the desolate Thebaid T^dth almost 
smiling face, the smile controlled by sadness, and the 
sadness lighted by a smile ; he is high up already in 
the waste land, full of storms and stream ; the pine and 
the poplar are wasted with wind, the ground covered as 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 215 

i^dth stones of stumbling and rocks of offense; only 
higher yet on a ledge of the hillside under lee of the 
pine-wood a hermit's cottage hangs over the one barren 
path that winds among bleak spaces and windy soli- 
tudes. No modern realist has excelled in quaint home- 
liness of device Piero's study of a Nativity. The 
sacred group of mother, child and angel is gathered 
-together in a farm-house room ; of this group the angel 
supporting the new-born child in his arms is the most 
graceful figure ; the ox looking on has an air of amuse- 
ment, not of the reverence improper to brute nature ; 
amused possibly at the lodging chosen for it by an artist 
whose neglect of the traditional manger is a sample of his 
eccentric scorn of traditions. The window of this room 
looks out on a low-land at sunrise, coldly lighted by the 
clear, level morning new-born with the birth of Christ. 
The subject of another study I have not guessed at. 
Before a judge in round cap and eastern robe stands a 
girl averting her eyes from a Jew -faced man with silk 
sash and high hat, who is in act (it seems) to draw a 
dagger from his sleeve; her expression that of a dis- 
dainful desire for death rather than shame ; to her, on 
the other hand, a plumed knight seems eagerly to appeal ; 
his face is distinct in character, with small, sharp upper lip 
and large chin. The girl may be a martyr standing before 
her judge for her faith's sake, between the lover she 
renounces and the traitor she abhors ; or the subject may 
simply be taken from some mediaeval legend of adven- 
turous constancy ; it is assuredly graceful and vital as a 
piece of work. 

There are a few designs of either Pollajuolo ; by Piero, 
a fine head, wrinkled and sullen ; a youth with clasped 
hands in grinning agony of fear, the lips convulsed and 



216 TJIE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION" 

sharpened by the rapid spasm ; by Antonio, an angel's 
or virgin's head, over-sweetened into a look of dulcet 
devotion, but graceful in its fashion ; a lady lightly veiled 
and sharply smiling, with ringlets on the neck and the 
main mass of hair plaited up behind ; groups of saints 
and virtues, chief among them Justice and Prudence with 
serpents emblematic of wisdom ; a fight of Centaurs and 
Lapithse ; male studies, for his picture of St. Sebastian in 
the National Gallery ; one in half-length stripped naked 
and seeming to appeal, and one of ruffianly feature look- 
ing upwards as though after the flight of his arrow ; and a 
singular allegoric design, in which fortune from a plat- 
form shakes gold into the hands of an infant, borne in 
the arms of a man weeping aloud and violently, while 
another child clings to his leg ; a winged boy leaning on 
a bar looks up to the group and laughs ; his light glad 
spiritual scorn; the blind, bright indifference of the god- 
dess who gives and the infant who receives gold, the 
loud agony of the grown man, on whom, though bearing 
in his very hands the chosen of fortune, no flake of the 
golden rain has fallen ; the helpless adherence of the 
slighted older child ; all these are touched with rough sug- 
gestive rapidity, and share with many others the chief 
charm of these studies ; that gift, namely, which they 
give us, of ability to see for a little the passage of swift 
thoughts and flying fancies across fruitful minds of 
masters whose daily work was cut out something too 
much on one pattern, exclusive, therefore, of new device 
and mobile invention. Near this is what seems a por- 
trait drawing of a boy seated, thinking hard, unhand- 
some, with long mouth, powerful and grave. 

Like others of the minor masters, Alessio Baldovinetti 
shows here more capacity of thought and work in slight 



AI^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 217 

studies tlian in large pictures, where Ms touch is thin and 
his work sterile. His Deposition from the Cross is fine 
enough to surprise at first sight, fresh and not feeble, 
inventive even, as in the actioji of the boy assisting. 
Another group by the same hand is forcible and expres- 
sive ; two men, with faces full of busy passion, meet and 
exchange rapid looks ; the one with hands clasped, the 
other about to mount a step on which his foot already 
rests, with elbow on knee and cheek on hand ; hard by 
waits an attendant with a short pike, and near him a tor- 
turer or hangman, with the tools of his trade. This 
design is probably a sketch to be worked up in some 
picture of martyrdom ; its dramatic and distinct intention 
strikes and attracts at once. By Taddeo Gaddi is a 
noticeable drawing of the meeting of Elizabeth and Mary ; 
noticeable mainly for its background of rocky, barren 
highland, with lean trees rising behind the low, quaint 
house whence the elder woman has come forth in glad 
reverence and eager welcome. Of Mantegna there are 
but few samples, grouped mainly with those of Botticelli 
near the entrance of the first room ; a design of the final 
death -grapple of Antaeus with Hercules ; one of Judith 
attended by two maids ; a mask as of one just awakened 
after death in hell, fierce with perpetual fear and violent 
with immortal despair ; a young girl gathering up her 
dress and looking back, her old nurse near at hand, — a 
Juliet as it were before the advent of passion ; a youth 
raised from the dead, in whom miraculous life leaps back 
into a face full of dawning wonder and departing heavi- 
ness ; an old man satyr -headed ; a kneeling Virgin, recall- 
ing to modern eyes the earliest pictures of Mr. Rossetti, 
— a type of clear holiness and grave beauty. Of Francia 
there is one example, pretty enough if also petty: a 



218 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOJST 

Virgin and Child among flowering rose -beds. Of Benozzo 
Gozzoli there is merely a double group of angels and pil- 
grims, not of course without interest for those who would 
follow in any way of work the trace of this Chaucer of 
painting, but not so full of labor and of life as they 
might hope, who had seen the cartoon at Pisa for his lost 
fresco of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, and felt there 
as always the fruitful variety and vigor of his sleepless 
and joyous genius. By Ghirlandajo there is a veiled 
Virgin of straight and sad profile ; by Masolino, a sketch 
of boys disputing, and a woman mth chaplet in hand ; 
by some pseudo-Giotto or Giottino, a Saint Cecilia at a 
piano-like organ, with a dog roughly sketched, — curious, 
and worth a look ; by Pesello, a Virgin seated between 
Christ and St. John, an arm passed round either child ; 
their heads are merely sketched ; her face under a light 
veil of loose hair, has a look at once pained and smiling. 
By Pesellino there are some fine studies of single figures, 
worth notice, rather than comment. Of Masaccio there 
is here less than might be hoped ; a few single figures, 
and one sketch of a crowd, strong but slight, and to 
which only the name appended draws immediate atten- 
tion. By Lorenzi di Credi there . is an elaborate study of 
a kneeling saint with huge, fan-shaped beard. 

In the same room, as elsewhere, are many sketches by 
hands unknown. Among these are several full of various 
power and fine invention, A few only can here be noticed 
at random, as these : a man's head, three quarters seen, 
with strong brows well apart, lips open and somewhat 
narrow, firm, flattish nose and short neck ; a girl seen from 
behind, with huddled clothes, and arms violently lifted ; 
studies of boys, by the same hand, some sitting, one 
kneeling on a stool, one holding his foot ; and again, dif- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 219 

ferent from this, a naked boy, with foot wounded by a 
thorn ; exquisite, and not copied from the statue, but full 
of grace and fair life. Elsewhere, also unassigned, is a 
vigorous drawing of a monk's head, with cowl flung back ; 
a larger design of the Virgin and certain saints adoring 
the corpse of Christ in a wilderness, where grow the palms 
of martyrdom; far off by the ready grave an angel watches 
in wait ; on a remote hill three dim crosses rise scarcely 
into light ; and in another line of distance a city is seen, 
and bays of sea on a varying shore. To this is appended 
a note, stating that the owner, in 1458,"^ ^'had it from a 
painter in the Borgo San Sepolcro, named Pietro. " 

By the sculptor Ghiberti there is a study for a statue in 
the shrine of a virgin saint ; she stands glorified in the 
grace and state of delicate work, with hair drawn upwards 
round the head. 

By Simone Memmi there is a finished drawing in three 
divisions, as though for a triptych; first the shepherds 
awakened by a sudden sound of descending angels ; then 
the Nativity, then the Crucifixion, with a guard of armed 
knights about the cross. There is no other sample of 
early Sienese work, and but one later drawing of a Sien- 
ese artist. 

Of the Venetians, early or late, there is ample and 
splendid witness, even in these slighter things, how 
supreme was their power upon all forms of beauty. The 
drawings of Titian and Giorgione are indeed the chief 
decorations of the place. Among the earlier of their 
famous men, there is a sketch by^Geubile Bellini, of a 
procession with" lighted candles, through a square with a 

*I am not certain whether this be not rather the date of the painter's 
birth; the day of the month is added, I think the 12th or 13th of March, but 
cannot be sure that my hasty transcript was accurate or complete. Of the 
words given in the text there is no doubt. 



220 THE ^Y0ELD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION" 

central AYell. The great painter of sacred feasts and tri- 
umphal crowds has left one minor and separate study : a 
youth reclining, who leans against a tree, his head crowned 
with rich and rippling hair. Of such studies there are 
many by his greater brother ; one in red chalk, a lank- 
haired, aquiline head ; a group of monks, one kneeling as 
reproved, with a face of stupid shame ; the reprover, an 
erect, ascetic figure, stands over him with features sharp- 
ened for rebuke ; two others look on, sly and frio-htened. 
By Giovanni, too, there is a procession ; the crowd swarms 
deep in street and loggia, under roof and abroad. Near 
this is a sketch of a j^oet crowned with broad leaves of 
laurel, his back turned. In Bellini's chiaroscuro dra^vdng 
of the "Burial of Christ" (No. 581, in the Uffizj cata- 
logue), there reappears as Nicodemus or Joseph of Ari- 
mathea, a head here separately sketched ; a head rather 
aging than aged, turbaned, with double tuft of mustache, 
and whiskers meeting under the chin ; with strong mouth 
and glancing eyes. There is also a drawing by the mas- 
ter of himself, done in red chalk ; the beautiful, grave 
face, sweet and strong, full of grace and thought, is hard 
to mistake or to foro;et. 

The designs of Carpaccio recall not less than these the 
painter's habit of mind and work. By him there is a 
drawing of two brothers, one with sword by side, and 
wearing deep boots, one clothed in a full civic gown, 
with round balls hanging doAvn it by way of fringe, both 
with spurs on their heels. One design may be a sketch 
for his Presentation of the Virgin : here in the Piazzetta 
of Venice a priest receives a kneeling girl. There are 
sketches besides of hags, of priests and nuns ; a dog- 
headed chimsera with a fragment of sword stuck in its 
neck, the knight about to dispatch it with the haft ; a 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 221 

crowd with horses and trumpets filling the Piazza of St. 
Mark, here altered in proportions, but not the less, recog- 
nizable; studies of full-sleeved arms and hands, — one 
bearing keys, one a book, one an apple, and so forth, — 
studiously wrought and varied ; a head that might well 
serve for Shylock's, the typical Jew of Venice, with a 
face of keen and vigorous cruelty ; a reading priest with 
broad beard shaped like an open fan. 

But the designs of Titian and Giorgione are more pre- 
cious and wonderful than these. From his sketches alone 
it mic^ht be evident that Titian was the chief of all land- 

o 

scape painters. The priceless samples of his work here 
exhibited demand long and loving study from those who 
desire to estimate them aright. They are fresher than 
the merest suggestions, more perfect than the most finished 
elaborations, of other men. It is not by intellectual 
weight or imaginative significance that these Venetians are 
so great. That praise is the proper appanage of the Mil- 
anese and the Roman schools, — of Michel Angelo and 
Leonardo. Those had more of thought and fancy, of 
meaning and motive. But since the Greek sculptors there 
was never a race of artists so humbly and so wholly 
devoted to the worship of beauty. This was enough for 
them, and for no other workmen. 

First among these pen-and-ink landscapes of Titian is 
one which gives us in full outline the likeness of a higli 
hill rising over a fort ; before and beyond it a wild length 
of broken land expands and undulates, clothed with all 
manner of trees in full beauty of blossom and leaf, 
haunted by flying and settling birds. Next to this we 
find a sudden sunny bank in the dim depth of a wood, with 
a wolf at watch and a rabbit at wait. Next, a bay deeply 
wooded to the verge of the soft sea, with low rocks far 



222 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

off under the wasli of the tender water. The fourth 
design is traversed by a river, which curves rapidly and 
roughly round the sudden steep of a broken bank, fringed 
with the herbage and foliage of untrimmed and windy 
growth; in front, where the wide water elbows its way 
round a corner of grassy land, a little child is embracing 
a lamb, with fat, strenuous arms and intent face ; hard by 
is the stump of a felled tree, well-nigh buried in rank 
overgrowth of deep, wild grass ; beyond this the rising 
towers of a city watered by the further stream, and a 
remote church seen among tall, slim stems of trees. Next 
to this we find a city set among the sloping folds of a hill- 
country ; full in front of the design are two firs, rigidly 
clij)ped and pared up to the topmost tuft; on.ariseof 
ground beyond these a small, close wood, crowning as with 
native plumes the head of the slanting land ; in the mid- 
dle valley are sheep at pasture ; and the wooded slopes, 
warm with summer and sweet at once with life and sleep, 
bend and flow either way in fruitful repose, shaped like 
waves of the sea after a wdnd, that seem at once to move 
and to rest, to change and to remain. 

Next, a sudden nook or corner of high-lying land in 
some wild wood, opening at the skirt upon a fresh waste 
ground, a place of broken banks fringed and feathered 
with thick grasses full of the wind and the sun ; to the 
right, a land of higher hills, with a city framed and 
radiant among them. Then comes another such corner of 
woodland, rocky, strewn with stones curiously notched 
and veined; and here, too, infinite summer hills open and 
recede and melt into farther and nearer forms in solid 
undulation without change, billows of the inland crowned 
not with foam but with grass, and clothed mth trees, not 
moulded out of mutable water. 




NEW MASONIC TEM. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 225 

Other work of Titian is liere besides these seven fin- 
ished sketches ; slighter work, and not in the line of 
landscape. There is a vision of Virgin and Child appear- 
ing in a Thebaic! desert to some saint, — Anthony, appar- 
ently, as the typical swine's snout obtrudes itself with a 
quaint, innocent, bestial expression. Note also a lovely 
and vigorous group of Cupids grappling in play with a 
great hound, which all they can hardly overset; the eager 
laughing labor of the bare-limbed boys and the gravely 
gamesome resistance of the beast are things to see and 
remember, as given by the great master. There are 
studies, too, for the famous picture of St. Peter Martyr ; 
there is a head like Michel Angelo's Brutus, with large, 
broad nose. 

In samples of Giorgione's work the collection is not 
less rich. Sixteen sketches and studies, variously fin- 
ished, bear witness for him. First, a most noble male 
profile, with blunt nose, mouth fretted, and hard cheek ; 
a strong man weary, with tough spirit growing tired too. 
Unlike this, a large priestly head, loose about the jaw, 
firm in the upper part ; with a long mouth like a slit ; by 
no means unlike the recognizable head of Alexander VI. ; 
on the medals of the great Borgia you see just such a 
strong brow of state-craft, such a resolute eye, such a 
heavy, lax, lustful under -face. Next, three heads together ; 
the first may be boy's or girl's, having in it the delicious 
doubt of ungrown beauty, pausing at the point where the 
ways of loveliness divide ; we may give it the typical 
strawberry flower {FragoleUct)^ and leave it to the Loves ; 
the second is a priest's, wearing a skull-cap, and very like 
the middle musician of the three in Giorgione's divine pict- 
ure in the Pitti ; the third an old man's head, cowled and 
bearded. Next, a girl with a book of music ; many bend 



226 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

over lier; two faces to the right are specially worth 
notice, — a youth of that exquisite Venetian beauty which 
in all these painters lifts male and female together on an 
equal level of loveliness ; and an older head near him, 
stamped with scorn as with a brand. Next, and slightly 
wrought, on a raised couch or step of a palace, a group 
of revellers embracing and gazing outward ; one leans 
round a girl to read Avith her from some joyous book. 
Next, a full face, wasted by time or thought or pleasure, 
with a clear sardonic look left in it ; next, a close-curled 
imperial head; next, a gathering of counsellors, a smile 
on their chief man's face. Then a very noble naked study 
from behind ; a figure planted with knees apart as if be- 
striding, with strained back and muscles leaping, with 
curly, Herculean hair ; naked down to the thighs, then 
draped, but finished only to one knee. Next, one of the 
most perfect of these studies, a superb head of one in 
pain, the face drawn, and not disfigured by suffering. 
Xext, an infant covering its mouth with its hand, in a 
life-like and gracious gesture. Next, in a Thebaid, a skin- 
clad saint sinking as in swoon, all but sunken already 
through fasting or trance; on the same paper are studies 
of hands and feet. Then a Virgin and Child, with an 
old man kneeling ; then the figure of a youth seemingly 
made ready for torture, — a fair and brave martyr's face ; 
this and the next are figures about two -thirds or three-* 
fourths of the lengiih of the whole. The next I take to 
be a design for Lucretia ; a naked woman, loose-haired, 
with the left arm raised, and with the right hand setting, 
as it seems, a dagger under the right breast; on the wall by 
her is an escutcheon, which may indicate, if it be a serious 
part of the design, some later suicide than the Koman 
matron's; it matters little to the interest of the study. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 227 

Apart from these is a sketch of some pagan feast, with 
torchlight and blast of trumpets ; several figures and faces 
are noticeable here ; a youth fallen on his knees ; a boy- 
ish torch -bearer, with blown cheeks and subtle, sharp- 
edged eyes ; the head of a boy who rests his hand on the 
shoulder of another ; a face seen behind, with rounded 
mouth and blowing hair ; the whole design profuse of 
interest and invention. In these light sketches, or even 
in these rough notes, the vivacity and warm strength as of 
sunlight which distinguish the painter's imagination, are 
traceab . With all the deep, sweet tragic color, the 
divine oppression of a delight whose eyes grow sorrowful 
with past thought and future dream, — " large discourse, 
looking before and after ; " with all the pathos of pleasure 
never translated as in his pictures but once, in Keats' 
Ode to Melancholy; the adorable genius of Giorgione, 
like the beautiful mouth of Chaucer's mistress, is always 
' ' most glad and sad. " 

By Paolo Veronese there is one design of a feast dis- 
turbed and breaking up; in one corner the figure of an 
old man ; a girl sinking at his feet clasps him by the 
ankle. In front, of course, is a dog, and sidelong from 
under the table-cloth a dog's head peers with the bright- 
eyed caution of its kind ; the whole design has interest 
and character. Unluckily for the affectionate students of 
Bonifazio, there is but one slight sketch by that master of 
all gracious and pleasant beauty; as the subject is music- 
making, it might have been finished into a nobly delight- 
ful piece of work, and significant of his love of sweet 
sound and fair form met together and made one in the 
sight of art. Of Tintoretto there is not much arranged 
and framed above stairs : a Doge in his quaint buttoned 
robe ; a study of a knight's lance and helmet held by his 



228 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

page, — Gattamelata's, as I thought at first, a design for 
the great portrait, but it seems doubtful. A more im- 
portant design is one, very noble and impressive in senti- 
ment, of the Deposition of Christ ; the body is carried off 
through a steep and strait gorge between rocky hills 
below Calvary; the Virgin has fallen in utter swoon. 
There is also a small, oval -faced figure of a girl at prayer ; 
and a noble design of four angels rushing down to judg- 
ment, with violent wings and blowing trumpets that 
betray the artist ; their fierce flight and thunder of sum- 
moning sound have roused the dead already; some are 
precipitated li ell ward, some aspire as on sudden wings; 
three, newly roused, sit still and gaze upward. Again, a 
naked woman startled in bed by the advent of a witch 
with cap and broom. In the lower rooms, among the 
unregistered masses of designs, I saw a huge 23ortfolio 
crammed with rough figure -sketches by Tintoretto, in his 
broad gigantic manner, but too slight to be of any descrip- 
tive interest; though to him they doubtless had their use, 
and might have the like to an artist who should now care 
to study them. 

Assigned to Raffaelle is a sketch in pen-and-ink of a 
cavalcade passing a seaport town, recognizable as the first 
design for one of the great series at Siena representing the 
life of ^neas Sylvius, in which Kaffaelle is supposed to 
have assisted Pinturicchio. The name of ''Messer 
Domenicho da Capranicha " (the Cardinal) is scribbled on 
the drawing itself ; and the composition is pretty much 
that of the fresco ; the horses turn at the same point, the 
groups are massed and the line of harbor shown in the 
same manner. By Giulio Romano there are two designs 
for Circe ; in one the sorceress lets down an urn among 
lier transformed beasts, holding, it may be, some strange 



AI^^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 229 

food or fume of magic drugs ; among tliem are two griffins 
and an eagle. In the otlier design slie is in the act of 
transformation, an incarnate sorcery; two men yet unde- 
graded are already confounded and lost with their fallen 
fellows. Another careful sketch is that of Daedalus 
building up the hollow wooden cow for Pasiphae ; the 
strange machine is w^ell-nigh perfect; a whole troop of 
Loves lend helping hands to the work — sawing, whetting 
steel, doing all manner of carpentry, with light feet and 
laughing faces full of their mother's mirth. 

Of Sodoma, again, there is but one example ; it may 
be that Vasari's well-known and memorable ill-will 
toward the great Sienese excluded others from his collec- 
tion, if indeed this one came from thence. It is a beautiful 
and elaborate drawing, partly colored ; a boy with full 
wavy curls, crowned with leaves, w^earing a red dress 
banded with gold and black, and fringed with speckled 
fur; the large, bright eyes and glad, fresh lips animate the 
beauty of the face ; Kazzi^ never painted a fairer, full as 
his works are of fair forms and faces. 

I may here, as well as anywhere else among these dis- 
connected notes, turn to the samples of German work in 
this collection ; to the sketches of Durer, Holbein, and 
Mabuse, which have found favor in Italian eyes. 

Two studies of the Passion by Durer are noticeable ; in 
this Christ is bearing the cross, in that sinking under it; the 
press of the crowd, the fashion of the portcullis, recall the 
birthplace and the habit of the master. From his hand 
we have also secular and allegoric sketches ; one a design 
for the famous figure of Fortune, — an old man's head with 

*Eazzi, as the last Sienese guide-book will needs have him called; Razzi 
or Razzi, Sodoma or Sodona, the name of St. Catherine's great painter, seems 
doomed to remain a riddle. Happily the beauty of his work is no such open 
question, so that the name matters little enough. 



230 THE ^vorld's Columbia:^ expositio:^- 

heavy lips and nose, a collar tied loose round tlie large 
throat ; anothei head, bearded and supine ; slight studies 
of man and horse and child ; a Deposition of Christ, and 
a Burial, with, fine realastic landscape hard by the city 
walls; a man beheading a woman, who in the act grasps 
hard the doomed head with his unarmed left hand. 
By Mabuse there is a quaint horror in the way of martyr- 
ology; the boiling of some saint in a vessel like a kitchen- 
pot, while one tormentor scalds his head with water or oil 
or molten metal out of a little bucket at the end of a pole, 
Mabuse in his sketches has revelled in the ways and works 
of hangmen, seen in a grim, broad light of German 
laughter ; their quaint gestures and quaint implements 
have a ludicrous and bloody look ; observe another pot 
with rings round it, ominous and simple in make, and the 
boy staring with strained eyes. These fine, sharp carica- 
tures of tortures might serve a modern eye as studies for 
Henriet Cousin of Notre Dame de Paris or Master Hansen 
of Sidonia; there is a stupid funereal fun in the brute mech- 
anism of their aspect. He has also a really fine draw- 
ing of a saint stepping into his own grave, made ready in a 
chapel before the altar. Martin Schongauer, too, has 
left a good female head with ample hair, and a strong, 
hard design of a knight and devil in deadly grapple. A 
head after Holbein is unmistakable ; the hair is thick, the 
chin long, the fine lips fretted and keen. ]N"ot far off is 
the only waif of Spanish art I find here ; a head sketched 
in chalk by Velasquez, with large eyes and red lips, the 
upper lip thin. 

I turn back to Florence for my last note ; to one of her 
dearest and noblest names, reserved with love for this last 
place. With the majestic and the tragic things of art we 
began, at the landmarks set by Leonardo and Michel 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 231 

Angelo ; and are come now, not quite at random, to the 
lyric and elegiac loveliness of Andrea del Sarto. To 
praise him wonld need sweeter and pnrer speech than this 
of ours. His art is to me as the Tuscan April in its 
temperate days, fresh and tender and clear, but lulled 
and kindled by such air and light as fills the life of the 
growing year with fire. At Florence only can one trace 
and tell how great a painter and how various he was. 
There only, but surely there, can the influence and pres- 
sure of the things of time on his immortal spirit be under- 
stood; how much of him was killed or changed, how 
much of him could not be. They are the first-fruits of 
his flowering manhood, when the bright and buoyant 
genius in him had free play and large delight in its handi- 
work ; when the fresh interest of inv^ention was still his, 
and the dramatic sense, the pleasure in the play of life, 
the power of motion and variety ; before the old strength 
of sight and of flight had passed from weary wing and 
clouding eye, the old pride and energy of enjoyment had 
gone out of hand and heart. How the change fell upon 
him, and how it wrought, any one may see who compares 
his later with his earlier work; with the series, for instance, 
of outlines representing the story of St. John Baptist in 
the desolate little cloister of Lo Scalzo. In these mural 
designs there is such exultation and exuberance of young 
power, of fresh passion and imagination, that only by the 
innate grace can one recognize the hand of the master 
whom hitherto we knew by the works of his after life, 
when the gift of grace had survived the gift of invention. 
This and all other gifts it did survive, all pleasure of life 
and power of mind, all the conscience of the man, his 
will, his character, his troubles, his triumphs, his sin and 

honor, heart-break and shame. All these his charm of 
13 



232 THE WOKLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

touch, his sweetness of execution, his ' ' Elysian beauty, 
melancholy grace, " outlived, and blossomed in their dust. 
Turn from that cloistral series to those later pictures 
painted when he was "faultless," and nothing more ; and 
seeing all the growth and all the gain, all the change and 
all the loss, one to whom the record was unknown would 
feel and foreknow his story and his sorrow. In the 
cloister, what life and fulness of growing and strengthen- 
ing genius, what joyous sense of its growth and the fair 
field before it, what dramatic delight in character and 
action ! where St. John preaches in the wilderness and the 
few first listeners are gathered together at his feet, old 
people and poor, soul-stricken, silent, — women with worn, 
still faces, and a sj)irit in their tired, aged eyes that feeds 
heartily and hungrily on his words, — all the haggard 
funereal group filled from the fountain of his faith with 
gradual fire and white-heat of soul ; or where Salome 
dances before Herod, an incarnate figure of music, grave 
and graceful, light and glad, the song of a bird made 
flesh, with perfect poise of her sweet slight body from 
the maiden face to the melodious feet ; no tyrannous or 
treacherous goddess of deadly beauty, but a simple 
virgin, with the cold charm of girlhood and the mobile 
charm of childhood ; as indifferent and innocent when she 
stands before Herodias, and when she receives the severed 
head of John with her slender and steady hand: a pure, 
bright animal, knowing nothing of man, and of life noth- 
ing but instinct and motion. In her mother's mature 
and conscious beauty there is visible the voluptuous will 
of a harlot and a queen ; but, for herself, she has neither 
malice nor pity ; her beauty is a maiden force of nature, 
capable of bloodshed without bloodguiltiness ; the king 
hangs upon the music of her movement, the rhythm of 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 233 

leaping life in her fair, fleet limbs, as one wlio listens to a 
tune, subdued by the rapture of sound, absorbed in purity 
of fashion. 

I know not where the subject has been touched with 
such fine and keen imagination as here. The time came 
when another than Salome was to.dance before the eyes 
of the painter ; and she required of him the head of no 
man, but his own soul ; and he paid the forfeit into her 
hands. With the coming of that time upon him came 
the change upon his heart and hand, ''the work of an 
imperious, whorish vfoman." Those words, set by the 
prophet as a brand upon the fallen forehead of the chosen 
bride, come back to mind as one studies in her husband's 
pictures the full, calm lineaments, the large and serene 
beauty of Lucrezia del Fede ; a predominant and placid 
beauty, placid and implacable, not to be pleaded with or 
fought against. Voluptuous always and slothful, subtle 
at times, no doubt, and sweet beyond measure, full 
of heavy beauty and warm, slow grace, her features 
bear no sign of possible love or conscience. Seen side by 
side with his clear, sad face, hers tells more of the story 
than any written record, even though two poets' of our 
age have taken it up. In the feverish and feeble melo- 
drama of Alfred de Musset there is no touch of tragedy, 
hardly a shadow of passionate and piteous truth ; in Mr. 
Browning's noblest poem, — his noblest it seems to me, — 
the whole tragedy is distilled into right words, the whole 
man raised up and re-clothed with flesh. One point only 
is but lightly touched upon, — missed it could not be by 
an eye so sharp and skillful, — the effect upon his art of 
the poisonous solvent of love. How his life was cor- 
roded by it and his soul burnt into dead ashes, we are 
shown in full ; but we are not shown in full what as a 



234 THE AVORLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

painter he was before, what as a painter he might have 
been without it. This is what I think the works of his 
youth and age, seen near together, as at Florence, make 
manifest to any loving and studious eye. In those latter 
works, the inevitable and fatal figure of the woman recurs 
with little diversity or change. She has grown into his 
art, and made it even as herself ; rich, monotonous in 
beauty, calm, complete, without heart or spirit. But his 
has not been always the ^ ' low-pulsed forthright craftsman's 
hand " it was then. He had started on his way towards 
another goal than that. Nothing now is left for him to 
live for but his fautless hand and her faultless face, — 
still and full, suggestive of no change in the steady, deep- 
lidded eyes and heavy lovely lips without love or pudency 
or pity. Here among his sketches we find it again and 
ever again the same, crowned and clothed only with the 
glory and the joy and the majesty of the fiesh. When 
the luxurious and subtle sense which serves the woman 
for a soul looks forth and speaks plainest from those 
eyes and lips, she is sovereign and stately still ; there is 
in her beauty nothing common or unclean. We cannot 
but see her for what she is ; but her majestic face makes 
no appeal for homage or forgiveness. Above stairs and 
below I saw many of Andrea's studies of figure ; first, a 
sketch of Lucrezia seated with legs bare, perfect in shape- 
liness and state ; in a larger drawing she is naked, and 
holds a child ; sitting, as I presume, for the appropriate 
part of the Virgin, There is another and most beautiful 
drawing on yellow paper, which gives her full face in all 
its glory of form without a fault, — not heavenly, but 
adorable as heaven. His sketches of landscape and stud- 
ies of children are lovely and many ; round-limbed babies 
in red chalk out-line, with full-blown laughter in their 



1 


m 


si 

'•3 3 


i 




1 


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^1 


1 


i 


,1 




AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 237 

moutlis and eyes ; such flowers of flesh and live fruits of 
man as only a great love and liking for new-born children 
€ould have helped him to render. The wonderful and 
beautiful make of limb and feature, the lovely lines and 
warm curves of the little form, are so tenderly and fully 
made most of and caressed as with mother's hands, that 
here as in his portrait, you can tell at once his fondness 
for them„ His sad and sensitive, smiling face has the look 
of a lover of children ; the quiet and queenly beauty of 
his wife has not, One superb boy-baby, in Sidney's 
phrase, a ''heavenly fool with most kiss-worthy face," 
attempting to embrace his round, fat knees with his fat 
round arms, and laughing with delight in the difficulty, is 
a more triumphant child than ever painter drew before or 
since. A sketch of a castle with outlying lodge is marked 
as "begun on the twentieth of August, 1527." Among 
other studies is one of a cavalry skirmish among the 
rounded and rising downs of a high hill -country, with a 
church and castle at hand. Among the figure drawings I 
took note of these : a portrait in profile of a man still 
young, ill-favored and sullen, with sinewy neck and cruel 
eye, with snub nose and thick, thrust-out lips, — a portrait 
it clearly is, and whose it would be worth while to know, 
so careful has the artist been to reproduce the native stamp 
of aspect ; a naked youth, with arms doubled up around 
the neck, leaning aslant on a staff, with ruffled hair and a 
set face ; a noble head like Nero's, in red chalk, with hair 
blown Ipose and rough by the wind ; a boy's figure on a 
step of some entrance, drawing the curtain of a tent, with 
loose ribbons at the shoulder, and with a curling plume of 
kair ; a slender figure, fair and graceful, the face smiling, 
but drawn and fixed ; the fierce aquiline head of a prophet 
or apostle, with upper lip thinner than the under. These 



238 THE world's COLUMBIA]^ EXPOSITION 

complete my roll, and conclude these notes. They might 
have been fuller and more orderly, but could never have 
had any value other than that of a clear and genuine 
impression. Transcribed at stray times from the rough- 
est memorial jottings, they may claim to give this at least. 
I close as I began them with a hope that they may per- 
haps, in default of a better handbook, afford some chance 
help to a casual student of such unclassed relics of the old, 
great schools, and with a glad affectionate memory of these 
and of all things in Florence. 



THE ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT. 

It is but a few years since a step was taken such as 
rendered ' ' the sightless couriers of the air " obedient to 
man's will. Chief in genius and useful inventiveness is 
our own Edison, and as has been mentioned, he has 
resolved to outdo himself, rightly regarding The World's 
Columbian Exposition as the opportunity of a life -time. 
With Edison and the German Siemans as competitors, what 
gladiatorial contests may we not expect ? 

There has been incorporated in Illinois, the Chicago 
and St. Louis Electric Railway Company, of which the 
St Louis Chronicle speaks as follows: 

The engineering corps of the Chicago and St. Louis 
Electric Railway Company, consisting of Tyre C. Hughes, 
Chief Engineer, and Messrs. E. A. Guill, W. K. Grady, 
E. T. Lurton and C. Elliott Carper, leave St. Louis to-day 
to make the survey of three proposed routes of the above 
road between this city and Chicago. 

This will be the first air-line railroad ever built in the 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 23^ 

world, and the work of running the line presents some 
new problems of unknown experiences to practical field 
engineers. The basis for the work has long been known, 
and much speculation has been indulged in, but never 
before in the history of civil engineering has such a line 
been run. 

It will be 250 miles long; 33 miles shorter than any 
route existing between the two cities. The line will be 
connected with the United States Government surveys at 
this point and will connect therewith on the top of the old 
water-tower in this city, and hence will be connected with 
all of the United States Mississippi river triangulation 
stations. It will end on the Shot-tower in Chicago, and 
will therefore be connected with the Coast and United 
States Geodetic Lake Surveys. Chief Engineer Hughes 
estimates that will it require 50 days to run the line. 

Chief Engineer Hughes began the work of locating the 
starting point this morning. He began from the top of 
the Water-tower, sending the balance of his force across 
the river. The Washington University instruments will 
be used and Prof. Mpher will assist in taking the obser- 
vations. It will probably require five days to locate the 
starting point. The calculations must be absolutely accu- 
rate. If there is an error of 1-64 of one inch in the 
measurements at the starting point, the line would be five 
miles out of the way at Chicago. 

This is the road which is to make the run between this 
city and Chicago in two hours and a half. Dr. Wellington 
Adams, General Manager of the road, will appear before 
the Executive Committee of the Fall Festivities Associa- 
tion this evening and lay before them his plans for build- 
ing the road and connect this city with Chicago in time 
for the World's Fair. 



240 THE WOELd's COLOIBIAiS" EXPOSITIO:^^ 

Edison lias among liis latest inventions a Kinetograph, 
or combination of phonograph and photograph. The 
phonographs now in use, it will be remembered, give an 
enjoyable reproduction of music and elocutionary efforts, 
so that with the addition of life-like photographs the en- 
tertainment bids fair to realize the Utopian ideas of Bel- 
lamy's ^^ Looking Backwards." 

The electrical display will not simply delight the eye 
by its creation of an artificial moonlight, but it will enable 
the intelligently curious to educate themselves sufficiently 
in the development from Franklin's kite to Edison's latest 
device, to more than stupidly wonder at succeeding won- 
ders which are produced by no supernatural means, but 
by intelligent mastery of this power of nature. Edison, 
himself, wall be at the World's Columbian Exposition, 
and appreciating the rare opportunity, has resolved, as is 
reported, to use to advantage 30,000 feet of space and to 
introduce to the scientific world various great and new 
inventions. A revolution in telegraphy is promised by a 
Philadelphia inventor who dispenses with the need for 
any receiving operator; who extends the field of the type- 
writer by enabling each type -writer to become, without 
further instruction, an intelligent telegrapher, and who 
insures the secrecy of all telegrams. 

The Proctor Electrical Fleet is elsewhere described, but 
justifies mention while speaking of the various applica- 
tions of electricity. The fleet is to consist of boats fifty 
feet in length and nearly nine feet beam, but which draw 
less than four feet of water. Every luxury of travel will 
be lavished upon them, and they will, with their incandes- 
cent lights, furnish a real midsummer -night's dream from 
which, though Titania be wanting. Bottom will surely be 
there. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 241 

The assurance that the American Edison and the German 
Siemans will both be present in full force at The World's 
Columbian Exposition, renders it certain that every possi- 
ble apj)lication of electricity will be exhibted to the vis- 
itor. Edison announces that he already has various 
wonderful inventions, far surpassing in interest and im- 
portance the results already achieved by his magical skill; 
and Dr. Siemans is to expend $200,000 in contesting 
America's claim to the world's championship. The illus- 
trated phonograph, push-buttons, lamp -lighters, burglar 
alarms, radiators, ventilators, cook-stoves, elevator-motors, 
dish-washers, refuse -consumers, are some of the many 
•objects which will claim attention. 

Surveys are now being made for the air -line electric rail- 
way from St. Louis to Chicago, so that those who visit 
the former city, as well as they whose route lies jby its 
doors, will be able to rival Shakespeare's Ariel and ' ' put 
^ girdle round the world in twenty seconds. " 



THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 

The United States Government has provided royally 
for its proper representation at The World's Columbian 
Exposition, and will place this in charge of the War De- 
partment. 

The War Department requires $235,000 for its exhibit, 
and will display in their entirety the Quartermaster's De- 
partment, the Engineer Corps, the Ordnance Department, 
the Signal Service, and the Medical Department. In a 
country so recently escaped from the throes of a civil war 
Ihere will be millions of persons who find their interest in 



242 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOIST 

the parapliernalia of military life. A novel feature, 
adopted in accordance of the evolutionary idea which will 
dominate the World's Columbian Exposition, will be the 
presentation of the various uniforms used from the time 
of the American Revolution to the present day. 



THE NAVAL EXHIBIT. 



Unique among the exhibits is that made by the United 
States Navy Department. It is a structure which, to all 
outward appearance, is a faithful, full-sized model of one 
of the new coast-line battle-ships designed by the Bureau 
of Construction and Repairs of the Navy Department, 
and now being built at a cost of about $3, 000, 000 each by 
Cramp & Son, Philadelphia, and the Union Iron Works, 
San Francisco. This imitation battleship of 1893 is 
erected on piling on the lake front in the northeast 
portion of Jackson Park. It is surrounded by water, 
and has the appearance of being moored to a wharf. The 
structure has all the fittings that belong to the actual ship, 
such as guns, turrets, torpedo-tubes, torpedo-nets and 
booms, with boats, anchors, chain-cables, davits, awnings, 
deck -fittings, etc., etc., together with all appliances for 
working the same. Ofiicers, seamen, mechanics and marines 
are detailed by the Navy Department during the Exposi- 
tion, and the discipline and mode of life on our naval 
vessels are completely shown. The detail of men is not, 
however, as great as the complement of the actual ship. The 
crew give certain drills, especially boat, torpedo and gun 
drills, as in a vessel of war. 

The dimensions of the structure are those of the actual 



ANB CHICAGO GUIDE. 243^ 

battleship, to-wit: length, 348 feet, and width amidships 
69 feet 3 inches; from the water line to the top of the 
main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on this deck is a 
superstructure 8 feet high, with a hammock berthing on 
the same 7 feet high, and above these are the bridge,, 
chart-house and the boats. 

At the forward end of the superstructure there is a 
coned-shaped tower, called the "military -mast," near the 
top of which are placed two circular ' ' tops " as receptacles 
for sharpshooters. Rapid-firing guns are mounted in 
each of these tops. The height from the water line to 
the summit of this military mast is 75 feet, and above is 
placed a flagstaff for signaling. - 

The battery mounted comprises four 13-inch breech- 
loading rifle cannon; eight 8 -inch breech -loading rifle 
cannon; four 6 -inch breech -loading rifle cannon; twenty 
6-pound rapid-firing guns; six 1 -pound rapid-firing guns; 
two Gatling-guns, and six torpedo tubes or torpedo-guns. 
All of these are placed and mounted respectively as in 
the genuine battleship. 

The superstructure shows the cabins, staterooms, lava- 
tories, lactrines, mess-rooms, galley and fittings, mess- 
table for crew, lockers, berthings, etc. , also the manner 
in which officers and enlisted men live, according to the 
rules of the Navy. On the superstructure deck and 
bridge is shown the manner in which the rapid-firing guns, 
search-lights, boats, etc., are handled. The entrance to 
the conning-tower is from the deck, in which are all 
appurtenances that the captain has at his disposal when 
taking the ship into battle and during the progress of a 
fight at sea. 

An electric light plant is installed and provision made 
for heating with steam. On the berth -deck are shown 



244 THE AVORLd's COLrMBIAI^ EXPOSITION 

the various fittings pertaining to the hull, machinery and 
ordnance ; ordnance implements, including electrical 
devices, gun-carriage motors and range finders ; models 
showing typical ships of the past and present ; samples 
of the provisions, clothing, stores and supplies, bunting, 
flags, etc.; in short the thousand and one things that 
go to make up the outfit of a man-of-war. 

The traditional costumes of the sailors of the ISTavy 
from 1775 to 1848 are shown by janitors dressed in those 
costumes. 

On the starboard side of the ship is shown the torpedo 
protection -net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. 
Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the 
outward appearance of a real ship of war is imitated. 

The design for the l^aval Exhibit was conceived by 
Captain R. W. Meade, U. S. IST. , the Naval Director and 
member of the Board of Control and Management of the 
United States Government exhibit, but the details of his 
plan were worked out by one of the leading draughtsmen 
of the Bureau of Construction, Mr. F.W. Crogan, assisted 
by Mr. Middleton, draughtsman from the office of the 
Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, and 
Lieutenant E. D. Taussig, U. S. N. , who were detailed 
by the Navy Department to assist Captain Meade. 

Nothing of the kind has ever before been attempted at 
a World's Fair. The cost of the curious and original 
building is about $100,000. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 245 



MACHINEEY HALL. 

Tlie visitor to Tlie World's Columbian Exposition must 
ever bear in mind that lie can feel interest only when he 
knows how to look at the various exhibits. Everyone 
boasts of America's mechanical triumphs, as if the boaster 
had had the chief part in the production of these. But 
on the other hand, the popular intelligence is so very gen- 
eral that most persons walk through the machinery dis- 
plays with as little interest and appreciation as a cow 
might go through an art gallery. It is one aim of The 
World's Columbian Exposition and Chicago Guide to at 
least suggest such means of preparation as shall reveal to 
each the wonders of these unknown worlds, and cause 
him to gain the strength which comes from understand- 
ing-forms of expression not his own. 

What shall I look at in the machinery hall, and what 
shall I look for when I give the different objects my atten- 
tion? There are several ways of giving a popular answer 
to this question. 

I. Look at the kind of objects with which you have 
some acquaintance, and look for the special improve- 
ments which these exhibit, and ask how these advantages 
are gained. 

II, Read primers of machinery, etc., so that through 
the provision of the Chatauqua or some similar example 
of the university extension idea, you gain such informa- 
tion in outline as will provide you with lenses through 
which to look. 

HI. Read the following exhibit of the most notable 
examples of mechanism at preceding expositions, and 



246 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

tbrougli some such work as Ure's Dictionary of the Useful 
Arts acquaint yourself with their general character, ap^ 
pealing When in distress to some local mechanic: 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

Hydraulic Riveting Machines. 

Band -sawing Machines. 

Reciprocating Mortising Machines. 

Steam Hammers. 

Grid-iron Stage -depositing Dock. 

Portable Engines. 

Tying-in Machines. 

The Iron Shoemaker. 

Sun Printing Machines. 

•Carriages. 

Porcelain. 

Architectural Stoneware. 

Textile Machinery. 

Sewer Pipe. 

Terra Cotta. 

Cutlery. 

Chemicals. 

Carpets. 

Printing Presses. 

Radiometer. 

Hoad Rollers. 

Road Locomotive Engines. 

Agricultural Locomotives. 

Atmospheric Gas Engines. 

Turbine Water-wheels. 

Feed- water Heater and Double-acting Force Pump. 

Locomotive and Railway Aj)pliances. 




'>w 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 249 



UNITED STATES. 



Gatling Guns. 

Compound Car Axle. 

Band-saw Setting Machines. 

Universal Milling Machines. 

Astronomical Apparatus. 

Automatic Governor Cut-oflP Engines. 

Geodetic Apparatus. 

Shingle and Heading Machines. 

Hydro -carbon Engines. 

Gaining Machines. 

Altitude and Azimuth Instruments. 

Processes for Treating Copper. 

Gunpowder Pile-drivers. 

Sewing Machines. 

Patent Milling Cutters. 

Improved Pony Planer. 

Endless -bed Double-surf acins; Machines. 

Double- surf acer and Matcher. 

Drying Machines. 

Time Globes. 

College Lanterns. 

Sectional Safety Boilers. 

Burleigh Drills. 

Yale Locks. 

The Lyall Loom. 

l^ewspaper Folding Machines. 

Watch -making. 

Patent Piston Packing. 

Barrel-making Machinery. 

Fan and Heading -jointer and Dowel- borer. 

Machine for Dressing and Leveling. 



250 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Stow Flexible Shaft. 

Power Treadle Macliine. 

Portable Steam Engines. 

Vertical Engines. 

Dovey-Paxman Boilers. 

The Corliss Engine 

Baldwin Locomotives. 

Patent Oil Cups and Automatic Lubricators. 

Tool Planing Machines. 

Brick Machines. 

Clocks. 

Difference Engines. 

Flexible Mandrels. 

Processes for Treating Copper. 

Swing Bridges. 

Spool -winding Machines. 

Blast Engines. 

Type -casting Machines. 

Apparatus and Instruments for Dental Surgery. 

Bolt and ^Nut- screwing Machines. 

Drill Presses. 

Boring Machines. 

Plate -shearing Machines. 

Patent Bolt-cutting and Nut -tapping Machines. 

Patent Goose-neck Drill, 

Slotting and Paving Machines. 

Vertical Car -wheel Borers. 

Car-axle Lathes. 

Cut-off Engines. 

L'on and Steel Processes. 

Pillar Shapers. 

Boring and Drilling Machines. 

Hand Milling Machines. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 251 

Kevolving Head Screw Machines. 

Two -spindle Profiling Machines. 

Die -sinking Machines. 

The King-Chandron Processes for Boring Artesian 

Wells. 
Drop Presses. 
Pinching Presses. 
Trimming Presses. 
Adjustable Bed Press. 

CANADA. 

Bevel-edge Boiler and Ship -plate Clipper. 
Autographic Testing Machines. 

Raihvay Supplies, 

Bolts. 

Rivets. 

Nuts. 

Car Forgings. 

Truck Irons. 

Train Locks. 

Washers. 

Steam Piveting Machines. 

Instruments for the Civil Engineer. 

Engineer's Transit. 

Power Looms. 

Peeling Machines. 

Winding Machines. 

Spooling Machines. 

Textile Machinery. 

Turids. 
Cassimeres. 
14 



252 THE WOKLd's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Cheviots. 

Flannels. 

Blankets. 

Sheetings. 

Agricultural Machinery. 

SWITZEELAND. 

Watches. 

EUSSIA. 

Cutlery. 

HOLLAND. 

Illustrations of Civil Engineering. 

THE NETHERLANDS. 

4 

Illustrations of the Jetty System. 

BELGIUM. 

Semaphore Signals. 
Patent Facino; Point Locks. 
Electric Slot Apparatus. 
Carpets. 

FRANCE. 

Wood and Working Machinery. 

Fixed and Portable Log-sawing Machines. 

Circular Saws. 

Endless Band-Saws. 

Planing Machines. 

Turning Lathes. 

Mortising Machines. 

Tenonins; Machines. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 253 



Boring Machines. 

Illustration of Civil Engineering. 

Porcelain. 

Ceramics. 

Carpets. 

JAPA1S-. 

Ceramics. 
Porcelain. 
Pottery. 
Decorative Faience. 



GEEMANY. 



Chemicals. 

Cotton Goods, 

Linens. 

Cutlery. 

Velvets. 

Velveteens. 

Linen Goods. 
Iron. 
Spiegel -Eisen. 



ICELAND. 



SWEDEN. 



PRUSSIA. 



The new industries developed in 1876 were in the 
direction of glassware, earthenware, porcelain, Terra Cotta 
and ceramics, safes, locks, table cutlery, and edge tools, 
showed the end of Sheffield's supremacy. 

Palace cars, the Miller platform and coupling, and the 
Westinghouse air-brake marked a new departure in trans- 
portation. 

Watches, silverware, jewelry, and precious stones. 



254 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

demonstrated that America was no longer content to 
import these goods and that her own children were able 
to compete successfully with the long-established indus - 
tries of the Old World. 

Carpets and oil-cloths announced that America had 
entered into the race and that it had assurance of su- 
premacy. 

Machinery, like cooking, is essential to the comfort and 
prosperity of our lives, fails to address many because they 
have no intelligent guide. It is not the gigantic size but 
the economic power of the Corliss engine that rendered its 
exhibition a matter of moment, and yet, for lack of proper 
explanation, most of the visitors at the Centennial saw 
nothing in it but magnitude. Some idea of the variety of 
forms in which the ingenuity of the mechanic is expressing 
itself, may be gained from a simple enumeration of the 
leading features of the Centennial mechanical display: 

Hydraulic Motors and Transmitters, 

Pneumatic Apparatus. 

Pumps. 

Power Engines. 

Locomotives. 

Kail way Supplies. 

Brick Machines. 

Flexible Mandrels. 

Atmospheric Gas Engines. 

Water- Wheels. 

Steam Hammers. 

Textile Fabric Machinery. 

Printing Machinery. 

Coopers' Machinery. 

Tool -making Machinery. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 255 

Then there were tlie various devices which have grown 
out of Morse's invention of the electric telegraph, such as 
Telephones, Phonographs, and a seemingly infinite elec- 
trical display. 

The American believes in making his head assist, not 
replace, his hands, and he has done more to solve the 
' ' Labor Question " than centuries of misgovernment and 
poor laws as emphasized in the present condition of un- 
happy Ireland. 

In the direction of the applied arts, the United States 
carried off premiums for jeweler's work as represented by 
Prize Cups and Trophies ; Illuminated Windows ; Chan- 
deliers ; Musical Instruments, and Furniture. 



^PAPER, PRINTING AND STATIONERY. 



PAPER. 



Paper, printing and stationery will have a grand dis- 
play at the World's Columbian Exposition, and the world 
will be astonished to find what exquisite and useful arti- 
cles in this line will be on exhibit by our own as well as 
other countries. In the last quarter of a century wonder- 
ful progress has been made in the mode of manufacture 
as well as the material that enters into the making of 
paper. Ordinary printing and writing stock is now manu- 
factured of straw, clay, chemicals, wood-pulp and vegeta- 
ble matter, and the daily newspapers are printed almost 
exclusively on paper made from wood-pulp and straw^ 
and at one-third the price that prevailed before the war, 

*Mr. Richard Ennis who has made a success of his life's work as a whole 
sale stationer and job printer, kindly contributed this information. 



256 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

for which large quantities of material is imported from 
foreign countries. Although we export largely, yet owing 
to traditions and customs not easily effaced, we yet import 
considerable paper from foreign countries, especially fine 
copying and coated stock. It is a settled fact that excel- 
lent specimens in this line will be on exhibition from 
England, France, Germany and Belgium. Spain, India 
and Japan will also furnish an exhibit, which in lighter 
weights have special merit. The American Paper Makers 
Association, which includes most of the owners of mills 
in this country, will take especial pains to make their 
^ ' exhibit " instructive and entertaining. 

FEINTING. 

Printing presses and material from our own country 
and foreign lands will have an exhaustive ^ ' exhibit, " and 
the different kinds of printing and book -binding applian- 
ces will be seen in the proper department running in 
working order, with all modern appliances. Our press- 
builders will make strenuous efforts to give the best exem- 
plifications of inanufacture, in which it is acknowledged 
they excel. When our manufacture is placed side by side 
with foreign productions it remains to be seen if we can 
convince the world of this fact. In type-setting, ma- 
chinery has become quite a factor. Of their success 
there is difference of opinion, although several daily 
papers and a few book -printing establishments now use 
them. It is said that 112,000,000 to 115,000,000 has 
already been spent in experiments, and that the machine 
of the future has yet to come. In this movement Amer- 
ica leads all other countries, and the exhibit at the Expo- 
sition will be decidedly interesting. The United Typo- 
thetse of America, composed of the employing printers 



ANT> CHICAGO GUIDE. 257 

of North America; the National Typographical Union 
which includes the journeyman printers of the country, 
and the Pressmen's Union of the various states, have all 
worked to make the Printer's Exhibit both instructive and 
profitable to visitors, and it will well repay a visit from 
at least all the employing and most of the journeymen 
printers of the country. 

STATIOKEEY. 

Stationery will have a good exhibit at the great 
Columbian Exposition. Displays will be made in ink- 
stands, paper-weights, calendars, stamp -holders and a 
thousand other items entertaining to the trade. The dis- 
play of writing inks, pens, pencils, manifold and duplicating 
apparatus will be found a profitable study, as well as new 
forms of account books, filing inventions and writing 
machines. There is no department of the Fair that will 
repay a visit so much as the Stationery display, and there 
is no business man who cannot learn from it new methods 
of conducting his affairs. 

PRESS. 

The press of both continents have a special interest in 
the exhibition. The Department of Publicity having in 
charge the advertising of the Fair has a newspaper ex- 
change list of 2,100, and the clippings of matter average 
about 500 newspaper columns a week. The result of this 
department causes the Fair to be talked about from one 
end of the earth to the other. 

^Cutting tools require the best quality of steel, and as 
reference has been made to the Miishet steel it seems in 

*The above information is furnished by Mr. William McKnight, whose rela- 
tion to the heavy iron and steel trade makes him familiar with the advances 
as they are made. 



258 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

order to refer to at least one American brand — the 
Imperial, for insance. When brought to shape, is first 
hardened by heating and then chilled in water. If neces- 
sary for tempering, the process is repeated until the color 
of the oxide indicates a satisfactory result. But unfor- 
tunately this process, while securing the hardness also 
increased the undesirable quality of brittleness. The Impe- 
rial steel in its natural state is, it is claimed, harder than 
other steel after treatment, while its strength and tenacity 
remain unimpaired. The \dsitor to The World's Colum- 
bian Exposition will find this steel in American tools 
designed for heavy lathe or planer work. Park Brothers 
and Company (Limited), of Pittsburgh, Penn., are likely 
to be present in full force at the Exposition, and to oflPer 
as exhibits, tool steel, spring steel, machinery steel, safe 
steel, file steel, sheet steel, saw steel, plow steel, and steel 
for cutlery. 

In the line of heavy hardware the United States and 
especially the Southwest will make a complete display. 
Such unfamiliar names as Box Pullers, Acorns, Anchor 
Plates, Apron Fasteners, Lazy Backs, Head Block Plates, 
Bull Tongue Clevises, Brake Bachet and Plate, Celluloid 
Frogs, Flatters, Japanese Hair, and Moquette, are likely 
to confront the visitor to the Department of Machinery 
and Manufactures, and a little pre-vision will enable him 
to be so prepared as not to lose interest in the exhibits 
because of his self-imposed ignorance. 




•\Ji 

i 






AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 261 



THE WOMAN'S DEPAKTMENT. 

BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 

President Mrs. Potter Palmer Chicago. 

1st Vice-President Mrs. Ralph Trautmann New York. 

2d Vice-President Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh Maine. 

3d Vice-President Mrs. Charles Price North Carolina. 

4th Vice-President Mrs. Katherine L. Miner Louisiana. 

5th Vice-President Mrs. Beriah Wilkins District of Columbia. 

6th Vice-President Mrs. Susan B. Ashley Colorado. 

7th Vice-President Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty Wisconsin. 

8th Vice-President Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury. U tah. 

Vice-President-at-large.Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, .... .Montana. 
Secretary Mrs. Susan G. Cook Tennessee, 



LIBEEAL ARTS DEPARTMENT. 

THE SCHOOLS. 

Chicago early took hold in earnest of the question of 
public education, and her facilities are unexcelled. There 
are to be steps taken to prevent the educational exhibit 
from becoming the disjecta membra that represented it at 
the Philadelphia Centennial. . Visiting schools as an ele- 
ment of the traveler's pleasure is likely to be the prefer- 
ence of teachers only; but as these are very numerous 
there is no doubt but that the matter of education will, 
under the guidance of the Commissioner of Education, 
receive incalculable benefit. In this connection a brief 
but complete history of the educational movement in the 
United States will hardly be thought out of place. 

EDUCATION"AL MILE-STOjS^ES. 

The village school was a familiar sight during the time 
of the supremacy of the Arabs. The fame of Charle- 



262 THE WOKLd's COLUMBIAN i:XPOSITION' 

magne the Great rests less upon liis achievements in the 
arena of politics and upon the field of battle than upon 
his interest in the establishment of schools. 

Alfred the Great is no more celebrated for his benefi- 
cent interest in the welfare of his subjects than for his 
appreciation of education as a popular need. 

The Roman Church counts among its services to human- 
ity during the mediaeval times its establishment of manas- 
tic schools and the devotion of some of its servants to the 
service of keeping alive the almost extinct sparks of lit- 
erary life. 

Great Britain and France have learned from Prussia 
and the United States the imperative necessity of popular 
instruction as a bulwark of political supremacy. 

But it was reserved for the United States to realize the 
yet profounder truth that the public school is the only 
proper cradle for the infant children of a republic which 
requires for its own maintenance the virtues of intelli- 
gence, self-government, industry, thrift, and the substan- 
tial equality of its citizens ; for ' ' the preservation of 
simplicity of manners and of sobriety of judgment can 
alone insure soundness of growth in population and 
wealth." 

There must be times, as at present, when unskillful 
pilots ignorantly or rashly desert the well-known channels 
for creeks and bayous and chutes, which promise to prove 
short-cuts. At present the politic as well as the honest 
and intelligent accept of the public school as an ele- 
ment of American progress whose absence cannot be ever 
so much as imagined. This leads to more or less honest 
attempts to use the public schools as an instrument for 
the accomplishment of ends the most diverse and fre- 
quently altogether foreign to its essential idea. Ignorant 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 263 

but well-meaning persons confound tlie privilege of ob- 
taining legal and political equality with tlie absolute pos- 
session of such equality as a natural endowment ; and as a 
consequence, persons still in utter ignorance of the princi- 
ples of the institutions to which we owe all our privileges, 
unhesitatingly assume to pronounce authoritatively upon 
subjects with which they have no larger acquaintance than 
can be derived from ignorant dogmatism or from the 
' ' views " of anonymous scribblers for the daily papers. 
Hence, for example, such startling contradictions as the 
cry that the public school course of study is overloaded, 
coupled with the proposition that elementary agriculture, 
elementary handwork, American biography, elementary 
psychology, or what not, shall at once be added thereto. 

It is because of this temporary eruption upon the body 
corporate of American life that such high value attaches 
to an institution such as the Bureau of Education, espec- 
ially when this is administered by so competent an educa- 
tor as the present incumbent. 

The history of popular education furnishes another 
striking illustration of the fundamental peculiarities of 
our Constitution, as well as the reason why, as a rule, the 
American mental energy has expended itself less in the 
direct creations of polite literature than upon interests 
which alone furnish any firm foundation for the amenities 
of life. 

Among the first provisions made by the colonies was 
that of the education of the young ; but naturally enough 
this proceeded along the lines of British tradition, so that 
it either founded colleges which were to furnish favored 
children of those of small means with the weapons ordi- 
narily wielded by the uppermost class, or established 
district schools in which a baldly elementary education 



264 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

was to be given those destined to become citizens of tlie 
Republic. Horace Mann was the first to recognize effect- 
ively the truth that, as our Constitution assumed an indi- 
vidual ability for self-government, it was absolutely nec- 
essary that sporadic instruction should be replaced by 
organized and systematic educational effort. There is 
every reason to believe that the next person representing 
in education what DeQuincy terms the ''literature of 
power" as contrasted with the "literature of knowledge," 
was Ira Divoll, for many years superintendent of the St. 
Louis Public Schools, subsequently State Superintendent 
of Instruction for the State of Missouri, and known as 
the founder of the Public Library as a direct auxiliary to 
the school -room. Horace Mann, as a result of his efficient 
and long -continued labors, succeeded in inaug-uratino; those 
school reforms which have rendered his name historical. 
jN'ormal Schools, County Educational Conventions, Annu- 
al School Reports, and in short a thorough organization 
of school interests constitute Horace Mann's return to his 
native State, and it cannot be doubted that his own expe- 
rience as one of ' ' the people " brought home to him the 
great gulf between the education accepted by our Consti- 
tution as a public need, and the practical results of an 
education carried on without co-operation and intrusted to 
those whom he describes as ' ' very good people but very 
poor teachers. " 

Ira Divoll gave validity to the distinction between 
Public Schools and Common Schools, insisting that pub- 
lic education was, not a pro\dsion for the masses by the 
classes, but rather the American device for destroying all 
artificial distinctions of class, and for qualifying the 
young for inheriting the privileges and responsibilities of 
the Constitution of the United States — an inheritance 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 265 

wMcli surpassed in value the famous Magna Charta as far 
as the recognition of original sovereignty of the people 
surpasses the admission that a down -trodden but uncon- 
quered vassalage may wring from their lord -paramount 
the concession of a few of the rights of which have been 
usurped from them. 

The work left for other original minds was but to 
defend the advanced posts already won, to articulate and 
rationalize the means properly to to be employed for real- 
izing the no longer doubtful purpose of public instruction. 
This responsibility fell upon the shoulders of such men 
as James B. Angell, Wm. T. Harris, Josiah L. Pickard, 
A. J. Eickoff, John Hancock, John D. Philbrick, Henry 
Kiddle, and nobly did they respond. Those intelligently 
interested in education will always cherish the reputations 
of these men as of those who ' ' Deserve well of the Re- 
public." For our present purpose the point to be empha- 
sized is that these sagacious men kept always in view the 
wide distinction between the course of study for an insti- 
stution whose main object is to qualify the young for the 
fullest discharge of the duties of good citizenship, and the 
more special aims which from their nature private schools 
would properly seek. 

But there remained yet another and co-ordinate office 
which could be filled by the educational wiiter only, and 
and here there was immediate response, so that through 
the efforts such as those of the American Journal of 
Education^ opportunity was furnished alike for the widest 
diffusion of the results attained by the educators named 
above, and for the insisting in season and out of season 
upon the supreme claim of popular education upon the 
attention of all good citizens without distinction of class. 

The dangers which threaten our educational institutions 



266 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

are no longer those of direct attack, but the loudly pro- 
fessed loyalty which is used by the self-seeking political 
adventurer as a cloak for the crimes which he commits in 
the name of morality, progress, and philanthropic interest 
in the good of ' ' the dear people. " 

The World's Columbian Exposition Congresses will form 
the proper supplement to the industrial, agricultural, and 
other material displays. These were lacking at the Phila- 
delphia, and the evil results have been neither few nor 
unimportant, for the more serious questions of capital and 
labor, of trusts and strikes, of sharpness and reckless 
speculation as substitutes for intelligence and patient 
industry, of the diremption of religion and business mor- 
ality, may be traced directly to the emphasis laid upon 
exaggerated industrial success. 

At Chicago there will be a succession of congresses 
which will call intelligent attention to the world's exhibits, 
which will relate material progress to the other great 
human interests, and which enable those compelled to 
stay at home-to possess themselves of the most concise and 
lucid histories of the various movements of the human 
mind. Thomas W. Palmer, President of the World's 
Columbian Exposition, is likewise Chairman of the Depart- 
ment of Political, Social and Economic Science, and we 
may reasonably expect as a result of this congress, succinct 
statements of the present status of the questions of suf- 
frage, taxation, the science of statistics, and the various 
questions of political economy. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 267 



WOMAN'S WOEK. 

It will be understood that the Woman's Building is not 
intended to contain all the contributions of woman to the 
World's Columbian Exposition. 

Naturally the inventions in machinery must be sought 
in Machinery Hall, and so of other exhibits. Illinois 
especially dedicated a portion of her appropriation for a 
woman's exhibit of artistic and general work. Illinois 
has the honor of making, through the creation of the 
Board of Lady Managers, the first legal body of women 
recognized by legislative enactment. At the Paris Expo- 
sition of 1889 there was a Cono^ress of Feminine Works 
and Institutions, but this was more in the nature of the 
auxiliary college course furnished by Harvard College to 
women students. Ecuador and Mexico both make special 
displays of woman's work, the former promising to show 
gold and silver braid -work, woven straw, etc. Mrs. Allen, 
of Oregon, has wisely recommended the formation of 
reading circles as a necessary preparation for visiting 
Chicago in 1893. We trust that the reader will find that 
the ' ■• Historical World's Exposition and Chicago Guide " 
will render possible a reading circle of only one, if 
need be. 



MANUFACTUREKS. 

THE COTTOX INDUSTRY. 

[D. C. Ball.] 

One of the most interestino; of all the Industrial 
Exhibits, is that of Cotton through all its stages. 



268 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

First, there is a large line of samples of cotton from all 
parts of tlie world where it is grown. Two things strike 
one with astonishment in connection with these samples. 
One is the large number of places on the earth adapted 
to the cultivation of cotton, which Americans have be- 
come accustomed to consider as almost entirely an article 
of production of the United States, — the other is the 
wonderful difference there is in the samples; being from 
the short half -inch fibre up to the long three -inch staples, 
and varying equally in quality and color and in the 
fineness of fibre, as well as strength. This shows how 
largely the climate influences the products of the earth. 

Then in the line of illustrating the various stages of 
cotton, is the cotton-field with the growing plants, and 
showing the plant in its various stages with its ' ' taking 
on of squares, " and the bloom and the bolls, and finally the 
ripened plant ready for picking. The plantation negroes 
in their quaint costumes, and with their plantation 
melodies, giving a faint echo of the scenes so familiar to 
those who are acquainted with the Southern country. 
Then the wonderful Cotton -picking Machine, which, its 
inventors hope, will as thoroughly revolutionize the cotton 
industry as did the invention of the cotton-gin. Then 
comes the gin itself, which takes the cotton in the seed, 
which is heaped up at one side of it, and T^dth its sharp 
teeth cuts the cotton or lint from the seed, which it leaves al- 
most bare; and then the condenser attached to the gin pours 
out the fleecy staple in beautiful layers, and in the condition 
in which cotton is probably first seen by most people. Then 
comes the improved baling -press, such as is used by the most 
progressive planters, although a great majority of them 
are of a smaller design and capable of much less work, 
many still clinging to the old mule-power press. 



Al^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 269 

The cotton is tlien in the condition in which it is de- 
livered in the ordinary bales to the railroad stations and 
smaller markets, from which it is shipped to larger 
markets, where after proper examination and sale it is put 
under the powerful compresses, which exert a pressure of 
from two to three millions pounds on the bale, so it i§ 
-compressed very tightly, occupying less than one-half the 
space of the original bale. In this condition it is shipped 
to the mills in the East and to Europe. 

The next process, which is preparing the cotton for 
spinning and finally weaving, is much more easily followed 
by watching the various machines and processes through 
which it passes, than it is to describe it, and is so wonderful 
that it will repay hours of study. The wonderful quali- 
ties of the product are exhibited in its passage through 
the various processes, and one is continually amazed at 
the precision and delicacy of the machinery which does 
the work. 

Finally, the cloth is completed as it goes forth to the 
world in almost limitless quantities, and to serve un- 
numbered purposes. 



THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 

This department will have interest for the curious, as well 
as the highest value for the ethnologist and archaeologist. 
The lost civilizations of Palenque, the Aztecs, the Incas, 
and the Mound-builders; the singular relics of the Cliff- 
dwellers of Arizona and New Mexico; the almost extinct 
civilization, if civilization it is to be called, of the aborigines 

-of this country; these all will have the fullest possible repre- 
15 



270 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

sentation, for Professor Putnam, tlie chief of the depart- 
ment, lacks neither for scientific information, nor for the 
means of conducting his investigations. The Rev. C. H. 
Green has made a considerable collection of the Cliff-dwell- 
ers throughout Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona. 
It is already known that the Eskimos, the Aleuts, the 
ruins of Yucatan, a rich collection of the memorials of the 
Mound-builders, diagrammatic paintings, a reproduction 
of the Temple of the Sun at Chichen-Itza, of the House 
of the Nuns at Uxmal, of the House at Merida. Desire 
Charney's collection, a presentation of the primitive arts, 
object lessons in the evolution of navigation and cartogra- 
phy, inventions calculated to ameliorate life and labors,. 
— these features are already assured. 

Among the exciting, as well as instructive features of 
this display, will be a complete re-habitation of the age of 
the Vikings. Thousands have become familiarized with 
the name the Vikings through cheap but costly subscrip- 
tion-books which have planted ideas the mos't erroneous, 
but this exhibit will bring one into relation with the 
Vikings as a factor in human history. 



CURIOSITIES. 



Of course every great gathering such as that which will 
assemble for the World's Columbian Exposition stimu- 
lates thosp who make their living by the exliibitions of 
articles of popular interest, and there promises to be no 
dearth of these at Chicago. Lincoln's Log Cabin, and 
Grant's Log Cabin, will be there to enforce the lesson that 
the wise American ' ' cuts his coat according to his cloth, '^ 



I 



' If 



r 



1 o 









AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 273 

and prefers to rise gradually from small beginnings rather 
than to make a rapid descent from social Eiffel Tower. 

Then there will be a reproduction of the Greek Parthe- 
non, which will serve to vitalize the associations which, 
for the student of Greek history, are gathered about the 
building itself. The material used in this building, as in 
various others, will be what is called ^ ' staff. " It is a 
French invention less than twenty years old, and is used 
as a cast having a lack of cloth. The ingredients of staff, 
it may be remarked, are dextrine, gypsum, glycerine and 
alumnia. 

There is proposed a Telescope Tower, so named from 
the fact that by the aid of skillfully-devised machinery 
the various sections of the tower are shot up into the air 
in a manner similar to that in which the ordinary hand- 
glass is extended. The dimensions are to be 400x500 
feet at the base, 100 to the first landing, 75 to the second 
landing, 150 feet to the third landing. The visitor will 
be carried one-fifth of a mile into the air and given a 
bird's-eye view of the country. 

The Chicago Columbian Tower will be 1,500x480 feet, 
and will have a dome 200 feet square; 13,000 tons of steel 
and iron will be used in its construction, and eighteen 
elevators, each with a capacity for fifty passengers, will 
run at five -minute intervals. The top will be a globe 
whose diameter is 33 feet, and it will be so lighted as to 
be visible at a distance of fifty miles. 

It will be four hundred feet high and will be provided 
with a boulevard for carriages. At the top will be three 
restaurants, conducted respectively on the German, Ameri- 
can and French plan. 

The New York Central Eailroad has been the owner of 
a Swiss depot clock whose age can be traced back at least 



274 THE WORLD ^S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION" 

one hundred years, and wliicli lias been a witness of all 
that has passed through Albany since the road was built. 
It will be on exhibition at Chicago. 

A French exhibitor will submit reproductions of the 
Santa Maria, of St. Augustine, Florida, in 1592; of Boston 
in 1692, and of New York City in 1792. 

A Damascene Turk who made a successful exhibit at 
Paris in 1889, will repeat his experiment at Chicago, and 
will give an accurate presentation of a street in his native 
city so that we may see its bazaars, cafes and mosques, 
while transported Arabs go through all the forms of their 
daily life. 

Amono' the curiosities calculated to interest the man of 
reflection, as well as the mere seeker after sensations, will 
be a complete exhibition of mines in process of being 
worked. There will be presented the strata through 
which the shafts are sunk, the apparatus used for various 
purposes, and the busy life which goes on in the subter- 
ranean mining camps. 

Some ingenious-minded person has devised a "walking 
sidewalk," so that those too languid or too feeble to walk 
.about among the various exhibits may, ' ' for a small con- 
sideration," take his stand, and have his walking done for 
him while he traverses three miles of fairy -land. 

There will likewise be a Zoological Palace, within which 
it is hoped to gather the most complete representation of 
animal life in all zones the world over. 

There is proposed a Globular Hotel. Its diameter will 
be 1893 feet; the various galleries will be placed respect- 
ively 250, 500, 700, 850, 1,100, and 1,300 feet from the 
ground. The space from the fourth gallery to the top of 
the building Avill be reserved for the use of a hotel, calcu- 
lated to accommodate 10, 000 persons. The top of the 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 275 

tower, 1, 760 feet above the ground, will be crowned by 
a mammoth statue of Columbus, 125 feet in height. An 
electrical railway will wind about the exterior of the build- 
ing and form the means of communication between the 
guests of the hotel and the outside world. 

A Steel Pavilion also is contemplated. 

Proctor Steel Tower — Hexagonal, 400 feet base, 1, 150 
feet high ; $3, 000, 000. No vibration. Refectories and 
promenades, observatory and telescopes. 

Catacombs of Paris. 

Catacombs of Eome. 

Catacombs of Herculaneum 

Catacombs of Pompeii. 

Dante's Inferno. 

Mammoth Cave. 

Tower of Babel. 



276 THE WORLD ^S COLUMBIAI^- EXPOSITIOJS- 



THE AEGENTmE EEPUBLIC, 

The Argentine Eepublic has been prominent among 
the South American states, and has substantially accepted 
the American idea of progress ; and it may be added the 
prevailing policy of finance, for its latest budget, shows 
a deficit of seventy -five millions of dollars, and a total 
indebtedness of three thousand, eight hundred and sixty- 
five millions of dollars. It has largely favored general 
education, supporting thirty colleges and normal schools, 
which have six thousand, seven hundred and ten students, 
and a teaching force of four hundred and thirty. Its 
public school system, includes two thousand, seven hun- 
dred and twenty-six separate schools, six thousand, two 
hundred and fourteen teachers, and two hundred and on^ 
thousand, three hundred and twenty -nine pupils ; while 
the entire population of the Republic is less than four 
millions. It has numerous hospitals, asylums, homes, 
public libraries, and free art schools. Its postal service 
is likewise modelled upon that of the United States, and 
furnishes a daily European mail. The prejudices of the 
country in regard to the sexes, renders it a specially favor- 
able location for such women as having taken through 
courses in medicine, do not prefer to expend their strength 
in missionary service. The Republic has been active in 
promoting its railway interests, and it may gratify our 
patriotism to known that the earliest railway, constructed 
in 1866, was the work of Wheelwright, a Pennsylvanian; 
who having been shipwrecked upon that coast in 1826, 
concluded to cast his lot with that people. The capitalist 
Samuel B. Hale, whose name became familiar to those 
reading lately about South American troubles of the 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 277 

Baring Brothers, is likewise an American, wlio removed 
to the Republic in 1829. Immigration is encouraged, and 
has brought in many valuable settlers. In 1515, Juan 
de Solis, it will be remembered, lost his life while explor- 
ing the Rio de la Plata; and the country was visited like- 
wise by Sebastian Cabot. 

THE GROWTH OF BUENOS AYRES. 

Buenos Ayres, the capitol, Mr. Curtis describes as ' ' the 
Chicago of South America, " with all that the name im- 
plies, for though founded as far back as 1535, by Pedro 
Mendoza, it has recently adopted modern eastern methods, 
and grown amazingly at least in largeness. Mr. Curtis, 
says, that in 1880, it had two universities, which rank 
in standing and course of study with either Yale or Har- 
vard, and that it has abundantly provided for the higher 
education of women ; the city of Buenos Ayres, has a 
flourishing board of trade, a lively stock exchange, twenty- 
three daily papers, and any number of banks, one of which 
has a paid up capital of thirty-three millions of dollars, 
and a deposit account of sixty-seven millions more. 

The Rio de la Plata and the Parana rank among the 
notable streams of the world, and their confluents are 
numerous and considerable. 

The Lake of Ybera, it will be remembered, is subter- 
ranean in its connections with the sea, reviving the Latin 
fable of Fount Arethusa. Great variety of striking 
scenery enables the republic to make definite contribu- 
tions to the exhibit of interesting views, although the 
wonderful pampas are more familiar to the minds of our 
people. Everyone has heard of the Patagonian plains 
and the Gran Chaco, and it is reasonably certain that, 
through the commission appointed by the Government of 



278 THE ayoeld's columbiai^ exposition 

La Plata, and tlirougli the industry of tlie Etlinological 
and Arcliseological Department of the AVorld's Columbian 
Exposition, the various objects of interest will find repre- 
sentation at Chicago. Gold, silver and copper abound ;. 
and iron, at first supposed to be meteoric, has been found. 
The zoological exhibit may be reinforced by the guanacOy 
the vicunia, the capybaro, the tapir, the cougar, the puma, 
the ounce, the ostrich, the bizcacha, the tuco-tuco, the 
armadillo and agouti, — all unfamiliar in the latitude of 
the United States. 

The condor, the gallinazo and the caracara represent 
birds of prey. 

Millions of hides, dried beef, tallow and wool form the 
staple exports, for the Pampas furnish a range for count- 
less herds of cattle, while the few horses deserted by the 
Spaniards when Mendoza retired from the country, have 
proved to be the progenitors of droves apparently with- 
out number. 

The dress and customs of the lower classes still furnish 
that picturesqueness which has almost disappeared in 
Europe, and doubtless these matters of popular interest 
will not be overlooked in preparing the Argentine 
exhibit, for which an appropriation, variously stated from 
$100,000 to $1,000,000, has been made. 

For the year 1890 the republic exported goods to the 
value of $9,293,856, and imported those of the value of 
$5,454,618. A colony of lace makers, and one of gold 
and silver workers from Paraguay, are among the exhibits, 
already assured. 

THE MIXES OF POTOSI. 

Bolivia drew from the mines ot Potosi in three hun- 
dred and fifty years, two thousand, nine hundred and four 
millions, nine hundred and two thousand, six hundred and 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 27^ 

ninety dollars; so that the out-put has been considerable 
enough to affect the imagination of those even who feed 
upon stories such as those of ' ' Colonel Mulberry Sellers. '^ 

JUAN" FERNANDEZ. 

' The Island of Juan Fernandez still treasures the relics 
of Alexander Selkirk and the unfortunate Mosquito In- 
dian who figure in DeFoe's world-famed story of Robinson 
Crusoe and his man Friday ; possibly the Chicago World's 
Fair will succeed in exhibiting such of these souvenirs as 
admit of transport, for they would certainly find an in- 
terested audience. 



BOLIVIA. 



QUININE. 



It is to Bolivia that we owe our knowledge of quinine, and 
the chincona tree received its name from the Countess 
Conchona who, introduced this anti -febrifuge into Spain. 
Furthermore, cocoaine, which has been added to the list of 
anaesthetics, come to us from the same South American 
State. 

BOLIVIAN MAGNANIMITY, 

The Bolivians are too large-minded a people to be a 
match for their enemies, and an illustrative incident is 
mentioned by Mr. Curtis. When the Chilians had col- 
lected an army of forty thousand soldiers for the invasion 
of Bolivia, they at one time were encamped where the 
Bolivian man-of-war, Huascar, had it in its power by 
destroying the water supplies to exterminate the whole 
force and prevent all hostilities, but the commander mag- 



280 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

nanimously informed the Chilians that scorning to take 
advantage of their necessities he gave them their lives, 
and in the fullness of time he was taught the error of his 
ways by the onslaught on his country which the Chilians 
made. 

Bolivia is not limited to gold; but possesses abundantly 
silver, the richest of tin mines, and copper. 

The llama and the alpaca, the chinchilla and viscacha ; 
the pecary and jaguar; the tapir, the glutton, the arma- 
dillo, and the sloth, are common. Vampire-bats and ^'a 
wilderness of monkeys " inhabit the forests ; humming- 
birds, parrots and condors are numerous. 

The forests furnish trees unknown to us, but useful to 
the Bolivians as furnishing food, shelter, and means of 
transportation. 

Bolivia can furnish much to make real to us the scenes 
amidst which lived the daring Spaniards who as a mere 
handful of adventurers took possession of a mighty Em- 
pire, and she has likewise much to say in regard to the 
change from a strictly Latin civilization to that of a 
modern State. 

Buried treasure has ever had fascination for those whom 
more regular industries do not attract, so that in addition 
to search for the sunken treasure on the Jersey coast and 
the unapprojDriated balance of Captain Kidd's pillage 
account, the region of Lake Titicaca will continue to 
attract those who pursue archaeological studies when these 
promise a return in gold. 

PUNA AND TUMBEZ. 

Puna and Tumbez will remain as monuments of 
Pizarro's visit to the territories of Ecuador and when 
the oil-wells of the United States shall cease to be profit- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 281 

able to our oil-trust, — ' ' the greatest on earth," — the 
rich resources of petroleum in which Tumbez abounds, 
but which require for profitable development the intelli- 
gent enterprise which has converted a wild speculation 
into a regular industry and replaced the riotous. 



BRAZIL. 

Brazil is so closely connected with the history of Amer- 
ican discovery as to be able by her contributions to The 
World's Columbian Exposition to bring before our eyes 
scenes similar to those first looked upon by the Spanish 
navigators. Vincente Yanez Pinzon, a pilot of Columbus 
on his first voyage, and himself an explorer in 1500, was the 
first European that set foot upon Brazilian soil, but the 
Portugese title was acquired through Pedro Alvarez Cabral. 
For over three hundred' years Brazil continued to repre- 
sent Portuguese sovereignty in the new world, but in 1822 
it became an independent power and but lately, as we all 
know, Dom Pedro, the Peter the Great of South America, 
was deposed, Brazil cannot transport its mountains and 
its valleys, its rivers and its lakes, its forests and its fields ; 
but it can reproduce these through the cunning of the 
photographer's art as our own artist. Church, brought 
before us the Heart of the Andes. The Amazon, the Rio 
Francisco, the Rio N'egro, the Rio Madeira, the Rio 
Branco, Rio Tapajos, Rio Xingu, Rio Araguay, the 
Tocantins, Paranaiba, the Maranhao, the Vazbarris, the 
Itapacura, Rio Paraguasso, the Jequitinhonba, Rio Doc, 
the Parahibadosul, the Parana, Rio Paraguay, the Para, 



282 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

the Urcequay, Rio Iguacez, the Paranapanema, the Tita^ 
alike in number, in magnitude, and in historical associa- 
tions are among the world's wonders. The builder and 
the geologist may be entertained by specimens of Brazil's 
treasures in the direction of granite, syenite, lime -stone, 
sand-stone and slate. The metallurgist may examine 
Brazilian gold, silver and iron. The lover of precious 
stones may feast his eyes upon topazes and diamonds, and 
although the discoveries in Africa have turned the eyes of 
the dealers in that direction, Brazil has yet much to show. 

The Agricultural Exposition will furnish an occasion 
for an exhibit of Brazil's wealth in horned cattle, horses 
and mules. The zoological displays may be re-inforced 
by the denizens of Brazilian forests such as the tiger-cat, 
the hyena, the jaguar, the sloth, the porcupine, the capy- 
bare, and the ferocious saratus. The thiy humming-birds 
so infinite in variety that Darwin knew personally of 400 
species ; the historical vulture and the gigantic emu ; 
waterfowl; material for the snake-charmer varying from 
the boa-constrictor to the coral snake ; the jasaraca^ the 
surucucu and the corral snake ; an entomologist display 
which impressed even the great Humboldt ; such are the 
possibilities of the Brazilian natural aviaries and zoologi- 
cal gardens. 

Brazil's exports consists of diamonds, gums, dye-woods^ 
coffee, sugar, cotton, hides, and rich woods, and it is her 
intention to make such display of these as may increase 
the number of her markets. 

Finally, Brazil has her relics and her antiquities, so that 
she will doubtless contribute many objects to the display 
made by the Ethnological and Archaeological Depart- 
ment of The World's Columbian Exposition. 

Brazil's appropriation is somewhere from $200, 000 to 




ADMINISTIiATHjx: nriLPix* 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. " 285 

$550,000, — seemingly, official reports disagree as to the 
«xact amount. Brazil proposes to liave among her 
exhibits, a sugar mill, a coffee Oriental, the rubber indus- 
try, and the natives and their huts. The Botanical 
Garden of Brazil is unusually rich, the Director, Dr. 
Barboza Rodorguez, having himself discovered nearly five 
hundred varieties of orchids. There is but little doubt 
that Brazil will transplant specimens of her treasures to 
the Horticultural Hall at The World's Columbian Expo- 
sition. 

Brazil during the year 1890 imported goods to the 
iimount of 160,403,804; while her exports amounted to 
$9,351,081. 

AN EAELY ACCOUNT OF BRAZIL. 

Brazil was first discovered by Pedro Alvaro Kapialis^ a 
Portuguese, sometime before Americus Vespucius, viz., 
in the year 1500. He gave it the name of Santa Cruz, 
which was afterwards by the Portugese changed into that 
of Brazil, from the wood of the same name, which is 
found there in great quantity, and from thence transported 
into all parts of Europe for the use of dyers. 

It is situated in the midst of the Torrid Zone, extending 
to the Tropic of Cancer and the Temperate Zone. 

Concerning its extent from north to south, there is no 
small difference among the geographers ; but according to 
the best computations, its beginning may be fixed 
Tinder the second degree and a half of northern latitude, 
near River Para, and its end under the twenty -fourth 
degree and a half of southern latitude to the River Capi- 
tari, two leagues above the City of St. Vincent ; so that 
its whole extent, from North to South, comprehends 
twenty-five degrees of 375 leagues; some place Brazil 



286 THE WOKLd's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

betwixt the Eiver of Maranliaon and Rio de la Plata. 
The extent of Brazil from the East (where it borders upon 
the North Sea), to the West, is not determined hitherto, 
there being very few who have penetrated so deep into 
the country; though its bigness from East to West may be 
computed to be 742 leagues; there are, however,, some 
who extend its limits farther to the East, and to the West 
as far as Peru or Quiana, which makes an addition of 188 
leagues ; some make the boundaries of Brazil to the north 
the River Amazons; to the South, Rio de la Plata; to the 
East the North Sea, and to the West, the mountains of Peru 
and Quiana. 

EESOUECES. 

The whole district of Penambuko abounds in divers 
kinds of fruits and cattle. The valleys afford good pas- 
turage, and the lower grounds near the rivers great store 
of sugar reeds, which are much cultivated hereabouts. 
The mountains produce richer minerals here than in the 
other captainships. During the rainy season the heat is 
more tolerable here in the day-time than the cold nights. 

THE CHAMELEOX. • 

The Chameleon, or Indian Salamander, otherwise called 
Gekko, which is not only found in Brazil, but also in the 
Isle of Java, belonging to the East Indies, and which by 
our people is called Gekko, from its constant cry (like 
among us, that of the cuckoo), is properly an Indian 
Salamander. It is about a foot long. Its skin of a pale 
or sea green color with red spots. The head is not un- 
like that of a tortoise, with a straight mouth. The eyes 
are very large, starting out of the head with long and 
small eye-apples. The tail is distinguished by several 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 287 

white rings, its teeth are so sharp as to make an impres- 
sion even upon steel. Each of its four legs have five 
crooked claws armedon the end with nails. Its gait is 
very slow, but wherever it fastens it is not easily re- 
moved. It dwells commonly upon rotten trees, or 
among the ruins of old houses and churches ; it oftentimes 
settles near bedsteads, which makes sometimes the Moors 
pull down their huts. 

Its constant cry is Gekko, but before it begins it makes 
a kind of hissing noise. The sting of this creature is so 
venomous that the wound proves mortal unless it be im- 
mediately burnt with a red-hot iron or cut off. The 
blood is a palish color, resembling poison itself. 

POISOI^. 

The Jareneses used to dip their arrows in the blood of 
this creature ; and those who deal in poisons, among them 
(an art much esteemed in the Island of Java by both 
sexes) hang it up with a string tied to the tail on the ceil- 
ing, by which means it being exasperated to the highest 
pitch, sends forth a yellow liquor out of its mouth, which 
they gather in small pots set underneath, and afterwards 
coagulate into a body in the sun. This they cont:inue for 
several months together by giving daily food to the crea- 
ture. It is unquestionably the strongest poison in the 
world, being of so corrosive a quality that it not only 
raises blisters wherever it touches the skin, but turns the 
flesh black and causes a gangrene. The inhabitants of 
the East Indies say, that the best remedy against this 
poison is the Curcumil Root. Such a Gekko was got 
within the body of the wall of the church in the Eeceif, 
which obliged us to have a great hole made in the said 
wall to dislodge it from thence. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



RATTLE SERPENTS. 

There are also several sorts of serpents in Brazil, such 
as rattle serpents, double-headed serpents, and such like; 
of which the Brazilians enumerate twenty -three, — viz. : 
Brigracu, or Liboya, Arabo, Bioby, Boicininga, Boitra- 
po, Boykupekanga, Bapoba, Kukuruku, Kaninana, 
Kurukakutinga, Grinipaijaguara, Ibiara, Jakapekoaja, 
Ibiboboca, Jararaka, Mianma, Vona, Tarciboya, Kaka- 
boya, Amorepinima. 

We will give you an account only of those only that 
dwell in the houses and woods of Penambuko, passing 
by the rest, as not so well known among us; and it is 
observable, that though some of the American or Brazil- 
ian serpents exceed those of Europe in bigness, they are 
nevertheless not so poisonous 

KASCAREDA. 

The serpent of Boicininga, or Boicininga, likewise called 
boiguira, by the brazilians, is by the Portuguese called 
kascareda and tangedor, i. e. , a rattle, and by our people 
a rattle -serpent, because it makes a noise with its tail, not 
unlike a rattle. This serpent is found upon the highway 
and in desolate places; it moves with such swiftness as if 
it had wings, and is extremely venomous. In the midst 
it is about the thickness of a man's arm near the elbow, 
but grows thinner by degrees toward the head and tail 
The belly and head is flattish, the last being of the length 
and breadth of a finger and a half, mth very small eyes. 
It has four peculiar teeth longer than all the rest, white and 
sharp like a thorn, which it hides sometimes Tvdthin the 
gums. The skin is covered with thick scales, those upon 
the back being somewhat higher than the rest, and of a 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 289 

pale, yellowish color, with black edges. The sides of the 
body are likewise yellowish, with black scales on each 
side, but those upon the belly are larger, four-square and 
of a yellow color. It is three, four and sometimes five 
feet long ; has a round tongue split in the middle, with 
long and sharp teeth. The tail is composed of several 
loose and bony joints, which make such a noise that it 
may be heard at a distance. Or rather, at the end of the 
tail, is a long piece consisting of several joints joined 
within one another in a most peculiar manner, not unlike 
a chain. Every year there is an addition of one of 
these joints, so that you may know the exact age of the 
serpent by their number, nature seeming in this point 
to have have favored mankind as a warning to avoid 
this poisonous creature by this noise. One of these 
joints, put in the fundament, causes immediate death, 
but the sting of this creature proceeds much slower in 
its operation; for, in the beginning, a bloody matter 
issues from the wound, afterwards the flesh turns blue,, 
and the ulcer corrodes the adjacent parts by degrees. 
The most sovereign remedy used by the Brazilians 
against the poison of this and other serpents is the head 
of the same serpent that has given the wound, which they 
bruise in a mortar and in form of a plaster apply it to 
the affected part. They mix it commonly with fasting 
spittle, wherewith they also frequently moisten the wound. 
If they find the poison begins ,to seize the nobler parts, 
they use the Tiproka as a cordial and afterw^ards give 
strong sudorifics. They also lay open the wound and 
apply cupping-glasses to draw the venom from thence, or 
else they burn it with a red-hot iron. 



16 



290 THE AVORLd's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



KUKURUKU. 

Tlie serpent Kukuruku is an ash color, witli yellow 
spots within and black sj^eckles without, and has just 
such scales as the rattle-serpent. 

GUAKU. 

The serpent Guaku or Lil^oya, is questionless the big- 
gest of all serpents; some being 18, 24, nay, 30 feet long, 
and of the thickness of a man in the middle. The Portu- 
gueses call it Kobredebado or the roebuck serpent, 
because it will swallow a whole roebuck or any other 
deer it meets with ; and this is performed by sucking it 
through the throat, which is pretty narrow, but the belly 
^^astly big. After they have swallowed such a deer they 
iall asleep and so are catched. Such a one I saw near 
Paraiba which was 30 feet long, and as big as a barrel. 
Some negroes saw it accidentally swallow a roebuck 
w^hereupon 13 musqueteers were sent out, who shot it 
and cut the roebuck out of its belly. It was of a grayish 
color, though others are inclining more to the brown. It 
is not so venomous as the other serpents. The negroes and 
Portugueses, nay, even some of the Dutch eat the flesh; 
neither are its stings looked upon as very infectious, the 
wound healing up often without any application of reme- 
dies; so that it ought not to be reckoned among the 
number of poisonous serpents, no more than the Kaninana, 
Marina and Vocia. This serpent being a very devouring 
creature, greedy of prey, leaps from amongst the hedges 
and woods, and standing upright upon its tail, wrestles 
both with men and wild beasts; sometimes it leaps from 
the trees upon the traveler, whom it fastens upon, and 
beats the breath out of his body with his tail. 



A]N'D CHICAGO GUIDE. 291 



JARAKAKA. 



The serpent Jararaka is sliort, seldom exceeding tlie 
lengtli of an arm to the elbow. It has certain protuber- 
ant veins on the head like the adder, and makes much 
such a noise. The skin is covered with red and black 
spots, the rest being of an earth color. The stings of this 
creature are as dangerous and attended with the same 
symptoms as those of other serpents. Its body, the head, 
tail and skin being, before taken away, together with the 
entrails, boiled in the water of the root of Jurepeba, with 
salt, dill, and such like, is looked upon as a very good 
remedy. 



BOITRAPO. 



The serpent Boitrapo, called by the Portuguese Cobre 
de Cipo, is about seven feet in length, of the thickness of 
a man's arm, feeds upon frogs, and is of an olive color ; 
it is very venomous, and when it stings occasions the same 
symptoms as the serpent Kukuruku ; nay, the wound is 
accounted past curing, unless you apply the hot iron. 



IBIARA. 



The adder Ibiara, by the Portuguese called Cobra 
Vega, or Cobra de das Cabecas, i. ^., the double-headed 
serpent, because it appears to have two heads, which, 
however, is not so. They are found in great numbers, 
lurking in holes under ground. They feed upon pismires; 
are of the thickness of the length of a finger, and a foot 
and a half long, of a silver color; nothing is more poison-- 
ous than the stings of these creatures, though not beyond 
all hopes of cure, provided the before -mentioned reme- 
dies be applied in time. The serpent by the Brazilians 



292 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

called Ibiboboka, the Portuguese call Cobra de Corals. 
It is very beautiful, of a snow white color, speckled with 
black and red spots, and about two feet long; its sting is 
mortal, but kills by degrees. 

BIOBI. 

The serpent Biobi, called by the Portuguese Cabro 
Verde, or the ' ' green serpent," about three-quarters of a 
yard long, and the thickness of a thumb; of a shining 
green color. It lives among houses and hurts nobody 
unless when provoked. Its sting is, however, full of 
poison and scarce curable. A certain soldier being 
wounded by one of these creatures, which lay hidden in a 
hedge, in his thigh, did, for want of proper remedies, die 
in a few hours after; his body swelled and turned pale 
blue. 

KANINANA. 

The serpent Kaninana is yellow on the belly and green 
on the back; its length is about eight hands, and is looked 
upon as the least venomous of all. It feeds upon eggs 
and birds, and the negroes and Brazilians eat the body 
after they have cut off the head and tail. 

THE IBIRAKOA. 

The serpent called by the Brazilians Ibirakoa, is of 
several colors, with white, black and red spots. The 
sting of this creature is very poisonous, attended with the 
same symptoms as that of Kukuruku; for it kills infalli- 
bly, unless proper remedies be applied immediately. If 
the poison has not seized the heart, they boil the flesh of 
the same serpent ^vdth certain roots, and give it to the 
patient in Avine. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 293 



THE TARCIBOYA. 

The serpents Tarciboya and Kakaboya are ampMbions 
creatures. The first is of a blackish color, very large, 
and stings when provoked, but is not very difficult to be 
cured. The Kakaboya is of a yellowish color, six hands 
long, and feeds upon tame fowl. 

OF THE SENEMBI, OR THE LEGUAN". 

Not only in the captainship of Pernambuko, but also 
all over Brazil and America ; as likewise in the isle of Java 
in the East Indies, are a certain kind of land crocodile, 
called by the Brazilians, Senembi, by our people Leguan. 
Some are larger than others, some being three, others four 
feet long, but seldom exceeding five ; they are all over 
covered with scales, which are somewhat bigger on the 
back, legs and beginning of the tail, than on other 
parts ; the neck is about a finger and a half long, the eyes 
are black and bright, and the nostrils in the hindermost 
part of the head. Each jawbone is full of small, black 
and short teeth ; the tongue is very thick ; all along the 
back from the neck to the tail are small, sharp teeth of a 
greenish color ; they are biggest on the neck, and grow 
smaller and smaller towards the tail ; under the throat are 
likewise many of the same kind. The whole skin is of a 
delicate green, with black and white spots. It has four 
legs and feet, with ^ve claws armed with very sharp nails ; 
it can live two or three months without food. Its flesh is 
as white as that of a rabbit and of as good a taste as that 
of fowls or rabbits if it be broiled or well fried with butter. 
In the head of this creature are certain stones, which are 
an infallible remedy to break and drive the gravel out of 



294 THE wokld's COLUMBIAN expositio:n' 

tlie kidneys, given to the quantity of two drachms at a 
time, or carried on some part of the body. 

EATING LIZARDS. 

There are in Brazil lizards both great and small ; some 
are green, others greyish, and some four feet long, with 
sparkling eyes. The negroes feed upon some of them, 
whom they kill with blunt arrows ; they broil them after 
they have skin'd them, and eat them without the least 
harm. Amono; all those that are found amono; the thorns 
and bryars, or the ruins of houses, there is but one kind 
venomous, which is called Bibora. They are like the 
others, but lesser, not exceeding the bigness of a thumb ; 
they are of an ash color, inclining to white ; the body 
and limbs thick and swelled with the poison, but the tail 
short and broad. The wounds given by them are full of 
a thin, stinking matter, with blue swellings, with a pain 
near the heart and in the bowels. 

THOUSAND LEGS. 

There are also certain creatures called Thousand Legs, as 
likewise Hundred Legs, by the natives called Ambua, who 
bend as they crawl along, and are accounted very poisonous. 
The first are commonly found in the houses, and the last 
among the woods, where they not only spoil the fruits of 
the earth, but also plague men and beasts. 

JAACIAURA. 

Scorpions, by the Brazilians called Jaaciaura, are found 
here in great numbers, being in shape like the European 
scorpions, but not so pestiferous, and consequently the 
wounds given by them are easily cured. They lurk in 
houses, behind old stools, benches and chests. They are 



AjSTD CHICAGO GUIDE. 29 T 

exceedingly big, no bigger being to be found in any 
other parts, some being five or six feet long and of a con- 
siderable thickness. 

ANTS, 

There are such prodigious quantities of pismires in 
Brazil, that for this reason they are called by the Portu- 
guese, Key de Brazil, i. e. , King of Brazil. They eat all 
that lights in their way, as fruit, flesh, fish and insects^ 
without any harm. There is also a certain flying pismire 
of a finger's length, with a triangular head, the body being 
separated into two parts, and fastened together by a skull 
string. On the head are two small and long horns; their 
eyes being very small; on the foremost part of the body 
are six legs, three joints each, and four thin and transpar- 
ent wings, to -wit, two without and two within; the hinder- 
most part is of a light brown color and round, which is 
eaten by the negroes. They dig into the ground, like 
the moles, and consume the seed. 

There is another kind of great pismires, resembling a 
great fly, the whole body of which is about the length of 
half a finger, and separated into three several parts. The 
last part resembling in shape and bigness a barley corn; 
the middlemost, of an oblong figure, with six legs, half a 
finger long, each of which has four joints; the foremost 
part, or the head, is pretty thick, in the shape of a hearty 
with two horns, and as many black, crooked teeth; the 
white of the eyes is inclining to the black, the whole com- 
position of the head being the two eyes, placed opposite 
to one another, resembling the figure of a heart. The 
fore and hindermost parts are of a bright red color. 
There is another kind of pismire, of a bright black color^ 
with black and rough legs. It is about the length of a 



298 THE world's columbiais- exposition- 

finger, witli a large, four-square head, starting black eyes 
and teetli, and two horns, half a finger long. The body 
is also separated into three parts; the foremost of an 
oblong figure, not very thick, with six legs, each of the 
length of half a finger; the middlemost very small and 
square, not exceeding the bigness of a louse; the hinder- 
most is the biggest of the three, of an oval figure and sharp 
on the end. These three parts are fastened together with 
a single string; the Brazilians call it Tapijai. 

There is besides this another pismire, called by the 
Brazilians Kupia, of a chestnut brown color, its head being 
as big as another pismire, with black eyes, two horns, and 
two tusks instead of teeth. The whole body is covered 
with hair; it is di\dded into two parts, the foremost with 
six legs, being somewhat less than the hindermost; at cer- 
tain seasons it gets four wings, the foremost being a little 
bigger than the hindermost, which it loses again at a cer- 
tain time. 

THE IROIN- PIG. 

The Iron Pig of Brazil, called by the Brazilians 
Kuandu, and by the Portuguese Ourico Kachiero, is of 
the bigness of a large ape, its whole body being covered 
with sharp spikes, of three or four fingers long, without 
any hair. Towards the body these spikes are halfways 
yellowish, the remaining part is black, except the points, 
which are whitish, and as sharp as an awl. When they 
are vexed, they are able, by a certain contraction of the 
skin, to throw or dart them with such violence that they 
wound, nay, sometimes kill men or beasts. Their whole 
body, to measure from the hindermost part of the head to 
the beginning of the tail, is a foot long, and the tail a foot 
and five inches in length, which likewise has halfways 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 299 

sharp spikes, the rest being covered with, bristles, like 
other hogs. The eyes are round, starting and glistening 
like a carbuncle; about the mouth and nose are hair of 
four fingers length, resembling those of our cats or hares; 
the feet are like those of apes, but with four fingers only, 
without a thumb, instead of which you see a place vacant, 
as if it had been cut away. The fore legs are less than 
the hindermost; they are likewise armed with spikes, but 
not the feet. 

This creature commonly sleeps in the day time and 
roves about by night; it breathes through the nostrils, is 
a great lover of fowl, and climbs Up the trees, though 
very slowly. The fiesh is of no ungrateful taste, but 
roasted and eaten by the inhabitants. It makes a noise 
Jii, like the Luyaert. 

AI. 

That four -legged creature, by the Brazilians called Ai, 
by the Portuguese, Priguiza. and by the Dutch, Luyaert 
(Lazy -back), from its lazy and slow pace, because in 15 
days time it scarce walks above a stone's throw. It is 
about the bigness of a middle-sized fox, its length being 
a little above a foot, to measure from the neck (which is 
scarce three fingers long) to the tail. The fore legs are 
seven fingers long to the feet, but the hindermost about 
six; the head round, of three fingers in length; its mouth, 
which is never without a foam, is round and small, its teeth 
neither large nor sharp. The nose is black, high and glib, 
and the eyes small, black and heavy. The body is covered 
all over with ash -colored hair, about two fingers long, which 
are more inclining to the white towards the back; round 
about the neck, the hair is somewhat longer than the rest. 
It is a very lazy creature, unable to undergo any fatigues, 



300 THE WORJ^d's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

by reason its legs are, as it were, disjointed intlie middle; 
yet it keeps npon the trees, but moves, or rather creeps 
along very slowly. Its food is the leaves of the trees, it 
never drinks, and when it rains hides itself. Wherever 
it fastens with its paws it is not easily removed; it makes, 
though seldom, a noise like our cats. 

THE ANT-EATER. 

The Pismire -Eater is thus called, because he feeds upon 
nothing but pismires; there are two forts — the great and 
the small; the Brazilians call the first Tamanduai, and 
the last Tamanduai -Guacu. It is a four-legged creature 
of the bigness of a dog, with a round head, long snout, 
small mouth, and no teeth. The tongue is roundish, but 
sometimes twenty -five inches, nay, two feet and a half 
long. When it feeds, it stretches out its tongue upon the 
dunghills, till the pismires have settled upon it, and then 
swallows them. Ifc has round ears and a rough tail; is 
not nimble but may be taken with the hand in the field. 
The small one called Tamanduai -Guacu, is of the bigness 
of a Brazilian fox, about a foot in length. On the forefeet 
it has four crooked claws, two big ones in the midst, and 
the two lesser on the sides. The head is round, yet 
pointed at one end, a little bent below, with a little black 
mouth without teeth The eyes are very small, the ears 
stand upright about a finger's length. Two broad black 
lists run along on both sides of the back; the hairs on 
tail are longer than those on the back; the extremity of 
the tail is without hair, wherewith it fastens to the 
branches of the trees. The hairs all over the body are 
of a pale yellow, hard and bright. Its tongue is round, 
and about eight fingers long. It is a very savage creature, 
grasps everything with its paws, and if you hit it with a 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 301 

stick, sits upright like a bear and takes hold of it with 
its mouth. It sleeps all day long, with its head and fore- 
feet under the neck, and roves about in the night time. 
As often as it drinks the water spouts forth immediately 
through the nostrils. 

They have also a kind of serpents of about two fathoms 
long, without legs, with a skin of various colors, in the 
middle resembling two arrows, and the poison is hid in 
a bladder in its tail. 

THE TATU. 

The four legged creature called by the Brazilians, Tatu 
and Tatupera; by the Spaniards, Armadillo; by the 
Portuguese, Encuberto, and by the Dutch, Schilt-Verken 
(shield-hog), because it is defended with scales like as^ 
with an armor, resembling in bigness and shape our hogs; 
there are several sorts of them. The uppermost part of 
the body, as well as the head and tail, is covered with 
bony shields, composed of very fine scales. It has on the 
back seven partitions, betwixt each of which appears a dark 
brown skin. The head is altogether like that of a hog, 
with a sharp nose, wherewith they grub underground; 
small eyes, which lie deep in the head; a little but sharp- 
tongue; dark brown and short ears, without hair or scales, 
the color of the whole body inclining to the red; the tail 
in its beginning is about four fingers thick, but grows by 
degrees sharp and round to the end, like those of our 
pigs; but the belly, the breast and legs are without any 
scales; but covered with a skin not unlike that of a goose 
and whitish hair of a finger's length. It is generally 
very bulky and fat, living upon maloens and roots, and 
does considerable mischief in the plantations. It loves 
to root under ground, eats rabbits and the dead carcasses 



302 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

of birds, or any other carrion; it drinks mucli, lives for 
tlie most part upon the land, yet loves the water and the 
marshy places; its flesh is fit to be eaten. It is caught 
like the doe in Holland with the rabbits, by sending a 
small dog ahead, who by his barking gives notice where 
it lurks under ground, and so, by digging up the ground, 
it is found and caus^ht. 

BATS. 

The bats in Brazil, called by the inhabitants, Hudi- 
rika, are of the bigness of crows; they are very fierce, 
and bite most violently with their sharjD teeth. They 
build their nests in hollow trees and holes. 

IPEKATI. 

The bird called by the Brazilians, Ipekati AjDra, by the 
Portugese, Pata, is no more than a goose; and for that 
reason by the Dutch called a wild-goose. It is of the 
bigness of one of our geese of about nine months old; 
and in all other respects resembles them. The belly and 
under-parts of the tail, as likewise the neck, is covered 
with white feathers; but on the back to the neck on the 
wings and head the feathers are black, intermixed with 
some green. There are also some black feathers inter- 
mixed with the white ones on the neck and belly. They 
differ from our geese in this, that they are somewhat 
bigger; their bills resembling rather those of our ducks, 
but are black and turned at the end, and on the top of it 
grows a broad, round and black piece of flesh, with 
white speckles. They are commonly found near the 
river- side, are very fleshy and well -tasted. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 30B 



TOUKAIST. 

The bird by the Brazilians called Toukan (or large- 
bill) is about the bigness of a wood -pigeon. It has a 
large crop, about the breadth of three or four fmgers in 
compass, of a saffron color, with high, red-colored feath- 
ers round the edges, which are yellow on the breast but 
black on the back and all the other parts of the body. 
Its bill is very large, of the length of a palm of the hand, 
yellow without and red within. It is almost incredible 
how so small a bird is able to manage so large a bill, but 
that it is very thin and light. 

KOKOI. 

The bird called by the Brazilians, Kokoi, is a kind of 
a crane, very pleasing to the sight, as big as our storks. 
Their bills are straight and sharp, about six fingers in 
length, of a yellowish color, inclining to green. The 
neck is fifteen fingers long, the body ten, the tail ^ve; 
their legs are half-ways covered with feathers, about 
eight fingers in length, the remaining part being six and 
a half. The neck and throat is white, both sides of the 
head black, mixed with ash -color. On the far and 
undermost part of the neck are most delicious white, 
long and thin feathers, fit for plumes; the wings and 
tail are of an ash-color, yet mixed with some white 
feathers. All along the back you see long and light 
feathers, like those on the necks, but are of an ash -color; 
their flesh is very good, and of a grateful taste. There 
is another kind of these birds, which is somewhat 
bigger than a tame duck. Its bill is straight and sharp 
at the end, of the length of four fingers and a half, with 
a double set of teeth, both above and below; the head 



504 THE world's columbiax expositiox 

and neck (which is two feet long) resembles the crane, 
with black eyes enclosed in a gold -colored circle. The 
body is two feet and a half in length; the tail, which 
stands even with the extremity of the wings, four fingers. 
The bill is of an ash color towards the head, the rest 
yellow, inclining to green. The head and upper part of 
the neck are covered with long, pale yellowish feathers, 
intermixed with black. On the back and wrings it has 
ash -colored feathers, inclining to yellow; but the legs 
and feet are dark grey; the flesh of this bird is eatable, 
and tastes like that of a crane. 

JABIEA. 

The bird called by the Brazilians, Jabira Guaku, and 
by the Dutch, Schnur Vogel (or Barn Bird), has no 
tongue, but a very large bill near seven foot and a half 
long; round and crooked, towards the end, of a grey color. 
On the top of the head is a crown of white and green 
feathers. The eyes are black, behind each of which are 
two great concavities instead of ears. The neck is ten 
fingers in length, one -half part of which as well as the 
head, is not covered with feathers, but with an ash 
colored, whitish, rugged skin. This bird is of the bigness 
of a stork, with a short, black tail, which stands even 
with the extremities of the wings. The other part of the 
neck and the whole body is covered with white feathers, 
and those on the neck very long ones; the wings are like- 
T^-ise white, but mixed with some red. The flesh, if boiled, 
after the skin is taken off, is good food, being very white 
but somewhat dry. 

BAMODI. 

Brazil produces incredible quantities of other wild -fowl, 
of all sort, both great and small, some of which live 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 305 

among the woods, others in the water, but are very good 
food. 

Of the best kind are the thrushes, called by them Bamodi; 
pheasants of divers kind, called by the barbarians, Maku- 
agu, Jaku and Arakua. 

mo]S"to:n^. 

Monton is a bird of the bigness of a peacock, but has 
black feathers; the flesh is very good and tender. Because 
this country is full of fruit trees and woody places, it pro- 
duces abundance of sparrow-hawksand other hawks, called 
by the Portuguese, Guavilon, and by the Brazilians, Te- 
guate and Inage, which are always at enmity with the 
chickens and pigeons. 

Among those that live both in the water and upon 
the land, the wild ducks claim the preceding; some of 
those are smaller than the European ducks, others much 
exceed them, being as big as a goose. They have also a 
sort of snipe, called Jakana Miri and Jakana Guaku. 
Besides these there are cranes, quails and ostriches, and 
many others of that kind; the flesh of which is eatable, but 
not very toothsome. 

The rest of these birds are very greedy after the 
amber-grease, which is thrown ashore by the boisterous 
sea, which they devour before the inhabitants can come 
thither to gather it. 

PARRAKEETS, 

They have also abundance of Parrakeets, or small parrots. 
These never speak; but their parrots are extraordinarily 
fine and large, some of which learn to speak as distinctly 
as a man. I have seen some of these parrots express 
everything that they heard cried in the streets very 



306 THE wokld's columbiai^ exposition 

plainly; and among the rest, I saw one which, if put in a 
basket upon the floor, would make a dog, that belonged 
to the same house, sit up before the basket, crying out to 
him, ' ' sit up, sit up, you nasty toad. " JSTeither did this 
parrot leave off calling and crying till the dog came to sit 
up before the basket. It was afterwards presented to the 
queen of Sweden. 

HUMMING-BIRDS. 

There is among the rest a certain small bird, no bigger 
than a joint of a finger, which, notwithstanding this, makes 
a great noise, and is caught with the hands whilst it is 
sitting among the flowers, from whence it draws its nourish- 
ment. As often as you turn this bird the feathers repre- 
sent a different color; which makes the Brazilian women 
fasten them with golden wires to their ears as we do our 
ear-rings. The birds here are never destitute of food, 
which they always meet with either among the flowers or 
fruits of the trees, which are never spoiled here during 
the winter season. 

FISH. 

The rivers and lakes of Brazil as well as the neighbor- 
ing sea, furnishes them with great store of all sorts of 
fish, which are accounted so wholesome here that they 
are even allowed for those that are troubled with agues. 
The standing waters near the sea -side which some- 
times are quite dried up, produce abundance of craw-fish, 
tortoises, shrimps, crabs, oysters, and divers others of 
this kind, which are all very good food. 

There are abundance of fish in Brazil common to the 
sea and rivers; especially during the rainy season, when 
a great quantity of the river water being conveyed into 
the sea, the sweetness of the water allures the fish into 




T . 1 s,=; 







AND CHICAGO GUIDE. . 309 

the rivers, where meeting with abundance of green weeds 
(the product of the bottom of the rivers) they never 
return to the sea. 

Among the river fish the chief est are the Duja, Prajuba, 
and Akara Puku, the last of w^hich resembles the best 
and largest of our perches. 

Brazil produces also various kinds of insects, some of 
which are of four fiingers' length, and an inch thick. 
They have likewise silkworms, called by the Brazilians, 
Isokukus, and their silk, Isokurenimbo. 

FIRE -FLIES. 

There are also divers sorts of fire -flies, which are like- 
wise found in the East Indies, where we shall give you a 
further account of them. Besides these, there are many 
sorts of other flies, hornets, wasps, and bees, some of 
which produce honey, some none at all. 

Among other kinds of spiders there is one of a prodi- 
gious bigness, which is always found either in dunghills, 
or in the concavities of hollow trees. They call it 
Uhanduguaka. These creatures weave cobwebs like 
other spiders, the skin is rough and black, provided with 
sharp and long teeth. This creature, if provoked, wounds 
with its poisonous sting (which is so small as scarce to be 
visible) and raises a bluish tumor, which is very painful, 
and if care be not taken in time, occasions an inflamma- 
tion, attended wdth such dangerous symptoms as prove 
afterwards incurable. 

CRICKETS. 

Near Rio St, Francisco are vast numbers of a certain 

small insect not unlike our crickets. I have been very 

curious to get sight of this creature, to satisfy myself as 
17 



310 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOI^ 

to its shape and resemblance to others of this kind; but 
though it makes a very shrill noise, which resembles that 
of our crickets, I was never able to see any of them; for as 
soon as you approach they desist, so that you are at a loss 
which way to look. They sing sometimes for a quarter 
of an hour without intermission. In the Island of Java, 
in the East Indies, it is commonly heard in the months of 
February and June. At last I had the good fortune 
to get one of these creatures into my hands, by means 
of a certain Chinese woman, after I had often been in 
search of it, both within and without the city of Batavia. 
The Javanese set two of these little creatures a-fighting 
together and lay money on both sides, as we do at a cock- 
match. 

TIGERS. 

There are also abundance of ravenous wild beasts in 
Brazil, such as tigers, leopards, etc. The tigers are 
extremely savage here ; they fall upon beasts, and some- 
times upon men, of whom several were killed by them in 
my time. A certain Portuguese had a sugar mill very 
pleasantly situated near a wood whither we used to go to 
divert ourselves sometimes. The Portuguese sitting one 
time with four of his friends in the house, with the win- 
dows drawn up, for the conveniency of the land -air, a 
dog belonging to the house, who had ventured too far 
into the adjacent wood, was pursued by a tiger, so that to 
save his life he leapt into the window to seek for shelter 
near his master, but the tiger closely pursuing him, leapt 
also through the window into the room, where, the door 
being shut, he tore two of those there present in pieces 
before the rest could make their escape, and afterwards 
went his way. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 311 



JxVCK BEYOND THE SEA. 

There is another sort of savage beast in those parts, 
called by some of our people Jan-over-Zee (or Jack 
beyond the sea), which surpasses all others in nimbleness, 
and tears all to pieces it meets with. 

BUTTER. 

Brazil has also great plenty of cattle, but the flesh will 
not keep above 24 hours after it is dressed. The Dutch 
cut off the fat and cut the lean in thin slices and dry it in 
the sun like fish. 'No butter is to be made here, because 
the milk turns to curds immediately ; the Dutch butter is 
drawn out of a vessel like oil. 

CAPIVARA. 

Their hogs are small and black, but very well tasted 
and wholesome. There is another kind of amphibious 
hogs, by the Portugues called Kapivarres. They are very 
near as black as the others, and good food. 

ANTES. 

There is another four-legged creature in Brazil, called 
by the inhabitants Taperete, and by the Portuguese, 
Ants. Its flesh has the taste of beef, but somewhat finer. 
It is about the bigness of a calf but shaped like a hog ; 
it sleeps all day among the woods and seeks for belly- 
timber in the night; its food is grass, sugar-reeds, cab- 
bages and such like. 

PAKAS. 

They have likewise a good store of goats, called by 
them Pakas and Kotias, and Hares and Eabbits, which 



312 THE world's COLUMBIA]Sr EXPOSITIO:Nr 

don't give way in goodness to those of Europe. There is 
also an excellent kind of lizards, called by the inhabitants 
Vuana and Teju, which are accounted a dainty bit. 

FISH. 

The fish in Brazil are no less considerable for the sup- 
ply of our plantations then the cattle which are on the 
coasts of Brazilj but especially in Pernambuko, where 
they are found in such plenty that at one draught they 
catch sometimes 2, 000 or 3, 000 fine fish in the four or 
^ve summer months ; for during the rainy season, they 
catch but few. There are certain districts along the sea 
coast whither the fish most resort. Some of those belong 
to the inhabitants, the rest to the company, and are 
farmed at a certain rate per annum. The lakes, as well 
as bays, are stored with an incredible multitude of fish ; 
the first are by the Portuguese, called Alagras ; and the 
best they produce are the Lindia, Queba, and Noja, all 
without scales, and though the fish which are caught in 
the lakes are not so much esteemed as the river fish, 
nevertheless they are not much behind them in goodness, 
because these lakes are not always standing waters, but 
intermixed with several rivers. Some of these fish they 
dry in the sun. The chief est of this kind are those 
called by the Brazilians, Kurima Parati, and by the 
Dutch inhabitants Herders. They abound no less in sea- 
fish of all sorts. The fish called by the Brazilians, Kara- 
pantangele, which is not unlike our perch, has the pref- 
erence among them. And as the rivers furnish infinite 
numbers of fish, so they are generally fatter and better 
tasted than the sea -fish. Those which are caught in those 
fisheries near the sea -shore, are for the most part salted 
and carried from thence into the country, for the use of 



A^^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 313 

the sugar-mills, which cause great plenty among them. 
The crawfish, which are in great quantities near the 
rivers, and in the marshy grounds, serve likewise for food 
to the Brazilians and negroes, and some of our people 
like them tolerably well. 

It is further to be observed, that whereas a consider- 
able number of cattle, during the war, was run astray out 
of the parks into the forests and woods beyond the river 
of St. Francis, it was thought convenient by the great 
council of the company here, to agree with certain persons 
to catch these cattle, and bring them to the receif, in order to 
secure maintenance, without a yearly supply from Europe, 
as well of eatables as other commodities, as has been found 
by experience, to the great detriment of the company, 
after our store -houses were exhausted by the several ex- 
peditions against Angola, Maranhaon, and other places. 

CROCODILES. 

In the rivers and lakes here are also found crocodiles, 
by the Brazilians called Jakare, and in the East Indies 
Kayinans. They are like the African crocodiles, but not 
quite so big, seldom exceeding ^ve feet in length. They 
lay twenty or thirty eggs, bigger than geese eggs, which 
are eaten by the Brazilians, Portugese and Dutch, as well 
as flesh. In the seas, near the cost of Brazil, they meet 
also sometimes with great lampreys. Before the bridge 
from the receif to Mauriceto wn was built, one of this kind 
of a considerable bigness did lurk near that passage 
where the boats used to pass over from one side to the 
other and snatched all that fell in his way (both men and 
dogs that swam sometimes after the boat) into the water, 
but at a certain time, by the sudden falling of the tide. 



314 THE world's COLUMBIAiS' EXPOSITIOI^ 

being got a-ground with tlie foremost part of the body, 
he was with much ado brou2:ht a- shore. 

SMALL-POX. 

There has been a great mortality of the negroes and 
Brazilians by a certain infectious distemper, incident to 
the natives, called Bexigos, resembling our small pox in 
Europe. Most of these negroes were bought at the rate 
of 300 pieces of eight, and consequently their loss drew 
after it the ruin of the planters, who also complained much 
of vermin, and several inundations that had done con- 
siderable damage to the sugar fields. This confusion in 
traffic introduced no small broils among the inhabitants 
themselves, who in case of non-payment threw one another 
in prison without mercy, and endeavored to prevent one 
another by clandestine means to get in their debts before 
the rest, offering considerable abatements and rewards to 
such as would underhand, surrender or transport their 
effects; and those di\dsions were not a little fermented by 
some ill-minded persons, to the prejudice of the govern- 
ment; many of those, who either by unwariness or other 
mismanagement, lost their debts, laying the fault thereof 
at the door of the regency and of the courts of justice, 
vainly imagining that what they had lost by their own 
neglect or want of care should be made good by the pub- 
lic purse, especially if it happened so that the same per- 
sons were indebted to the company, as well as private 
persons, there arise great contests about the preference. 

THE IT AT A. 

Chili was lately known to the people of the United 
States because of the pursuit of the Itata and the possible 
international questions which might thence arise, while 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 315 

more recently a political war on paper has caused her 
resources to be investigated, but for some reason the daily 
papers have thus far failed to correct popular ignorance in 
regard to the characteristics of modern Chili. For 
example, the Esmeralda, whose name has become famil- 
iar, was built at a cost of a million and a half dollars and 
is said to be one of the most complete men-of-war in the 
world. 

THE CHILIAN OP TO-DAY. 

The Chilian of to-day is a conscious rival of the citizen 
of the United States, and his ^ ' progress '' is such as to 
entitle him to a larger respect than our self-complacency 
might imagine. He is said to be '' audacious, arrogant^ 
ready to resent affronts, fierce in disposition, dreaming 
ever of conquest, cold-blooded, cruel as a cannibal, but 
quick of perception and aggressive;" in short, his temper- 
ament seems to be in entire harmony with the volcanic 
character of the territory which he inhabits. Chili has 
deprived Bolivia of its vast nitrate deposits, found 
between latitudes 23^ and 25^, and of the deposit of 
guano which yielded steadily an income of thirty millions 
a year, while the immensity of its internal resources are 
illustrated by the fabulous fortunes of Dina Isadora 
Consino. 

DONA ISADOEA CONSINO. 

This excellent woman of business owns mines of every 
description (drawing from her coal mines alone a revenue of 
nine hundred and sixty thousand dollars a year), railroads, 
plantations, and every other conceivable investment, while 
her having in the matter of jewels, makes the popular 
story of The Diamond Nuptials seem petty and common- 



316 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

place, and lier many mansions dwarf the extravagance of 
a Vanderbilt, a Villard, or Potter Palmer. 

DISREGARD OF SEX. 

Either the Chilians have advanced so far as to disreo:ard 
sex as a social factor, or else female service is more 
attractive or sensibly cheaper, for in that land of a pos- 
sible matriarchate, women are to be found acting as street- 
car cashiers, who replace the conductors used in the 
United States, and the streets are cleaned by a broom 
brigade. 

Chili is predominantly Roman Catholic, but it is 
illustrative of the fierce indejDendence of the people that 
they utterly deny the authority of tlie Pope. So, too, 
the army is said to consist of guerrilla plunderers — a 
soldiery which will rival that of any nation in its bravery, 
but insisting upon fighting after the manner of the Revolu- 
tionary troops, and which endeavors to disable the enemy 
by pillage. The Spanish relics, which were formerly the 
pride of the Peruvian museum, are now to be found at 
Santiago, and will undoubtedly be exhibited at Chicago. 

Chili has been a singularly favored country, alike under 
the ci\T.lization of Inca, of Spaniard, and under that of 
the ninetennth century. Her mountains include Aconcagua 
with its elevation of 23, 200 feet ; the scenery is strikingly 
picturesque; and the passes over the mountains are quite 
as remarkable as the famous SimjDlon Pass. Silver, cop- 
per, quick -silver, arsenic, lead, cabalt, bismuth, iron, and 
antimony abound. Bituminous coals, quartz, phosphorous, 
zinc, manganese, sulphur, tin, lime, alum, salt and nitric 
still further add to Chili's natural resources. Chili's 
exports consist principally of metals, wheat, hemp, hides, 
and wool. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 317 

Chili became independent in 1817, and lias since made 
rapid strides in lier progress towards occupying in South 
America a position similar to that of the United States 
in North America. 

Chili's appropriation for The World's Columbian Ex- 
position is 1100,000. 

Chili's imports during 1890 amounted to $2,622,625, 
and her exports to $2,972,794. 

From a recent issue of Tlw Railway Age^ we cite an 
account of South American railway enterprise as it is 
at present, the article having been written by William 
Eleroy Curtis: 



318 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



THE IXTER-COjSTTIlSrEXTAL RAILWAY. 



DESCEIPTION OF THE GEEAT HIGHWAY BY WHICH ]N^ORTH, 

CEl^TRAL ANjy SOUTH AiMEEICA AEE TO 

BE CONIS^ECTED. 

PEOPOSED EOUTE A'NB DISTAIS^CES EXISTING LINES AND THE 

LINKS YET TO BE BUILT WONDEEFUL EESOUECES OF THE 

COUNTEIES THE RAILWAYS OF THE DIFFEEENT SOUTH 

AMEEICAN STATES. 

BY WILLIAM ELEKOY CURTIS, DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF A:MERICAN 

REPUBLICS. 

No portion of the compreliensive work of tlie recent Inter- 
national American Conference has awakened more inter- 
est in the other republics and in the world at large than 
the project for an inter-continental railway to connect the 
transportation systems of North America with those of 
the southern continent. It is a scheme of enormous magni- 
tude, but not so formidable in this age as was the construc- 
tion of the Erie, or the Chesapeake & Ohio canals, or the 
Pacific railways of the United States at the time they 
were undertaken. The engineering difficulties are not as 
great as those which were overcome by the Denver & Rio 
Grande company in Colorado, and arguments can be 
advanced in support of the enterprise more forcible than 
those used by Thomas H. Benton in the United States 
Senate in behalf of the trans -continental project of 1856. 

The republic of Mexico is pushing its railways south- 
ward with great energy, and the Argentine Republic has 
been rapidly extending its lines northward until they have 
nearly reached the Bolivian boundary. Outside of these 



'}imp 



jlllpll 



^^'n 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 321 

two countries railway construction lias been local and in- 
tended only to furnish the productive communities of the 
interior access to the sea. Chili has a comprehensive system 
connecting the chief cities with the mines and the coast 
and is now piercing a tunnel through the Andes to con- 
nect with the Trans- Andine road of the Argentine Repub- 
lic and furnish direct communication between the two 
oceans. Along the west coast of South America, from 
the gulf of Guayaquil to the limits of the populated sec- 
tion of Chili, is a series of parallel lines, constructed within 
the last quarter of a century, extending from the several 
ports to the mining or agricultural settlements, and in 
Central America are a number of short roads now in opera- 
tion that may be utilized as a part of the great system 
proposed. 

During the last three or four years tracks have been laid 
one-third of the distance between Buenos Ayres and 
Bogota, and through the most difficult and least attractive 
portion of the continent — the Gran Chaco of the Argen- 
tine republic. The northern terminus of the Argentine 
system is at Jujuy (pronounced We wee), a distance of 
993 miles from the capital. The distance from that point 
to La Paz, the capital of Bolivia, is 500 miles. From La 
Paz to Santa Rosa, Bolivia, a line has been constructed 
220 miles in length; from Santa Rosa to Cuzco, Peru, the 
ancient capital of the Incas, the distance is 190 miles; 
from Cuzco to Santa Rosa, Ecuador, along the famous 
highway of the Incas, the distance is 880 miles, and from 
there to Bogota it is 590 miles. It is therefore a distance 
of 3,373 miles from Buenos Ayres to Bogota, of which 
1,213 is already constructed, leaving a gap of 2, 160 miles 
to be filled: 

This line would pass through the great basin of the 



322 THE world's Columbia:^' exposition 

Andes, a land of fabulous mineral wealth and the source 
of the great riches of the Incas. Bolivia is undoubtedly 
the richest in its mineral resources of any of the South 
American countries, and has, probably, larger deposits of 
gold, silver, platinum and other precious metals than any 
section on the globe; but with the present transportation 
facilities it is deprived of developing influences, and the 
mines cannot be profitably worked without modern ma- 
chinery. This machinery can never enter the country 
from the Pacific coast, Nothing can reach the mines or 
be brought away that may not be carried on the back of a 
mule or a llama. The mountains forbid it. But on the 
Atlantic side there is navigable water up the Parana river 
for a distance of 2,700 miles; deep enough for all the 
ocean ships that enter the sea at Buenos Ayres. From the 
head of navigation it is only 700 miles to the farthest 
mining district in Bolivia, and about the same distance 
to the diamond fields of Brazil. The climate is a per- 
petual June; the soil is wonderfully productive, the ranges 
are capable of sustaining millions upon millions of cattle and 
sheep, the forests are full of the rarest woods and their 
botanical resources are inexhaustive. The sources of the 
Parana, the several branches of the Amazon, and the Ori- 
noco, three of the greatest rivers in the world, are not far 
distant and furnish almost uninterrujDted navigation. 
Already a French syndicate is surveying a railroad route 
from Boo'ota to the sources of the Orinoco. 

Every possible encouragement Avill be given for the 
construction of the inter-continental road by the States 
through which it will pass, not only in the form of con- 
cessions of mineral, agriculture and timber lands, but by 
a guarantee of from five to seven per cent, per annum 
upon the amount invested in construction. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 328 



HINTON EOWAN HELPER. 

Before the fact slips from the elusive memories of men 
and nations, let it be recorded that Hinton Rowan Helper 
first publicly suggested and advocated an inter-continental 
railway, and for the last ten or twelve years has not lost 
an opportunity to create public sentiment on three conti- 
nents in favor of the scheme. If Mr. Helper had lived 
2, 000 years ago he would either have been the high priest 
of some popular oracle or confined to a dungeon, as 
Galileo was, for striding in advance of his generation. 
No published volume ever created profounder sensation 
than his "Impending Crisis," and a candidate for speaker 
of the house of representatives failed to secure that honor 
simply because he recognized in its prophetic lines some 
sentiments worthy of indorsement. His second literary 
venture, entitled ' ' The Three Americas' Railway, " had 
no such reception. Its author was regarded by the few 
who read the volume as a harmless crank with a harmless 
hobby. 

On the 18th of July, 1879, Mr. Helper, then residing 
in St. Louis, placed the sum of $5,000 in the hands of 
Cyrus B. Burnham, president of the Bank of Commerce 
in that city, to be awarded as prizes for the best essays 
upon the subject of ''The earliest possible construction of 
a longitudinal midland double -track steel railway from a 
point high north in North America, running more or less 
southwardly through Mexico and Central America, to a point 
far south in South America." "The Universal Republic 
of Letters " was invited to compete. The judges selected 
were Thomas Allen, president of the Iron Mountain Rail- 
way; Carlos S. Greely, receiver of the Kansas Pacific 
Railway, and Dr. William T. Harris, then superintendent 



324 THE. world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

of public instruction at St. Louis and now United States 
commissioner of education. Dr. Harris afterwards re- 
signed and Horace H. Morgan, principal of the St. Louis 
liigh school, was appointed in his stead. 

There were 49 essays submitted by 47 contestants ; 10 
from Missouri, 7 from New York, 4 from Illinois, 4 from 
Canada, 3 from Pennsylvania, 3 from Ohio, 2 each from 
Massachusetts, North Carolina, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska 
and the District of Columbia, and 1 each from New 
Hampshire, Virginia, Washington Territory and Australia. 
In January, 1881, the committee made their awards, and 
the prize essays, with some papers from the pen of Mr. 
Helper, were published in a volume which attracted but 
little attention and ultimately found its way to the top 
shelves of libraries and second-hand book shops. The seed 
thus planted fell mostly upon stony ground, but a few 
thoughtful, far-sighted people pondered upon the ideas 
suggested by Mr. Helper and wrote him hopeful and 
•encouraging letters. 

When the South America commissioners were ap- 
pointed in 1884, Mr. Helper always alert for opportunities 
to promote his project, asked the Department of State to 
include his railway scheme among the topics they were to 
discuss with the governments they were to visit. This 
was done, and the suggestion was everywhere received 
with the greatest favor. Therefore, when the International 
American Conference — one of the results of the work of 
that commission — was organized, a committee was ap- 
pointed to take the subject into consideration. This 
committee consisted of one delegate from each of the 
Central and South American republics and two from the 
United States; ex-senator Henry G. Davis, of West 
Yirginia, and Mr. Andrew Carnegie, of Pennslyvania. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 325 



H^TERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. 

The report, whicli was presented to the conference on the 
20th of February and unanimously adopted a few days 
later, declares: (1) that a railroad connecting the Ameri- 
can republics will greatly contribute to the development 
of their political relations and material resources; (2) that 
the work of such magnitude deserves the encouragement 
and co-operation of all the republics; (3) that to insure 
the perpetual freedom of traffic the railroad should be 
declared forever neutral, and that its uninterrupted opera- 
tion shall be guaranteed by them all; (4) that it should 
be forever exempt from taxation, and that all materials 
and supplies for its construction, maintenance and repair 
should be admitted free of duty. 

The report then recommends the appointment of a 
board of commissioners from each of the American 
nations to superintend a survey to ascertain the best 
routes, the probable cost of construction and the amount 
of existing and prospective traffic, the expense to be 
divided among the several governments interested in pro- 
portion to their population, and the headquarters of the 
commission to be in the city of Washington. 

The Congress of the United States accepted the rec- 
ommendations of the International Conference without 
hesitation, appropriating465, 000 as the share of this gov- 
ernment for the first year's work, and authorizing the 
appointment of three commissioners to represent this 
country on the international board; Alexander J. Cassatt, 
of Pennsylvania, George M. Pullman, of Illinois, and 
Henry G. Davis, of West Virginia, were afterward named 
as such commissioners. 

All of the other American republics accepted the rec- 



326 THE WOULD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

ommenclations \Yith equal readiness and entliusiasm and 
most of them have appointed commissioners. 

The commissioners met in Washino^ton on the 5th of 
December, were welcomed by a felicitous speech from 
Mr. Blaine and elected Mr, Cassatt as their president. A 
committee on organization was appointed, and then an 
adjournment was taken until the commissioners of Brazil 
and the Argentine Republic, who for some reason were 
delayed, could arrive. At this writing they are on their 
way and are expected in AVashiugton at the beginning of 
the new year, when the organization will be perfected 
and the actual work beOTn. It is understood that Mr. 
Hector de Castro, of New York, who has for many years 
been vice-president and general manager of the Commer- 
cial Cable Company, and before assuming that position 
had considerable railway experience in Texas, will be 
made secretary. A most important appointment, how- 
ever, will be that of chief engineer, and the committee on 
organization is now considering the claims of several 
gentlemen who have been recommended. The committee 
on foreign affairs of the House of Representatives has pro- 
vided for an additional appropriation of $65,000 as the 
share of the United States for the next fiscal year, and 
their recommendation will doubtless be adopted by Con- 
gress. After the appointment of a chief engineer, it is 
probable that the commission will divide the route to be 
surveyed into sections and place several parties in the 
field, each with a corps of topographers, geographers, 
geologists, mineralogists, etc., in order to make a thor- 
ough investigation of the resources of the regions to be 
traversed, as well as to designate the route. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 327 



PROSPECTIVE BEIN'EFITS. 

Whoever builds this road will hold the key to the 
treasures stored in the heart of the southern continent, 
and their values has furnished food for three centuries of 
fable. A section of country as large as that which spreads 
between the Mississippi Eiver and the Pacific Ocean lies 
there unoccupied and almost unexplored. On its borders 
are rich agricultural lands, fine ranges, the greatest timber 
resources in the world and the silver and gold mines of 
Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. What exists within this un- 
known country is of course only a subject of speculation 
but the further a man has gone the greater has been his 
wonder. The tales of the explorers who have attempted 
to penetrate it sound like the recital of the old romances 
of Golconda and El Dorado, but the swamps and 
the mountains, the rivers that cannot be forded, the 
jungles which forbid search, the absence of food and 
the difficulty of transporting supplies, and the other 
obstacles which now prevent exploration will eventually 
be overcome and the secret which has tantalized the 
world for more than three centuries will be disclosed by 
ambitious scientists. 

The cost of this road is of course a matter of specula- 
tion, but no more money will be needed than has already 
been wasted upon the Panama canal. Three hundred 
millions dollars, which, I believe, is the sum already ex- 
pended upon that enterprise, will, at the rate of $50,000 a 
mile, construct 6,000 miles of road, and the distance to 
be covered is much less than that. Even at a cost of 
$75,000 a mile, $300,000,000 will build it. 

It is not expected that private capital alone will com. 

plete this great undertaking, although the assurance that 
18 



328 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION" 

the 17 American nations will join in protecting the rail- 
way from disturbances and from confiscation, will give 
private capital a guarantee tliat no South American enter- 
prise has hitherto enjoyed. The commission will, how- 
ever, before completing its duties, which will extend over 
a term of years, make recommedations on this point which 
it is too early to anticipate. 

THE RAILWAYS OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

It is needless to refer to the recent panic in the Argen- 
tine Republic which has been widely discussed in the 
newspapers and which was caused by excessive enterprise 
•and official corruption; but it is interesting to know that the 
trans-continental line to Chili, which has for two years 
been completed and in operation to the great tunnel 
through the Andes, will be finished so as to permit of 
throuo^h trains from ocean to ocean before the end of 1891. 
This road is one of the most daring and expensive engi- 
neering undertakings of the age. Eight tunnels in all are 
to be driven. Their total length is 15,375 meters, or 
roughly speaking, nine and two-thirds American miles. 
The largest of these is the tunnel of '4a Cumbre" — the 
summit — where the frontiers of the two nations meet. 
Between two-thirds and three-fourths of the tunneling is in 
Chilian territory and only one-third or one -fourth in 
Argentine. The Argentines, however, have made the 
■earlier beginning and have about a half of their task com- 
pleted, while the Chilians have not done a quarter; but on 
the Chilian side the work is now proceeding much more 
rapidly. The very best of tools and engines are required, 
and in remote fastnesses, where until lately the feet of 
white men hardly ever trod, electrical machines are hum. 
ming, furnishing motive power for the work. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 329 



THE EAILWAYS OF MEXICO. 

The readers of The Railway Age are familiar with the 
railway system of Mexico, and it is needless to speak in 
detail of that country, which already possesses nearly 7, 000 
miles of track, and within the next year or two will have 
10,000 miles of rail laid down. There are recent advices 
from the capital of Mexico to the effect that the govern- 
ment has wisely decided not to grant any further financial 
assistance to railway enterprises in the shape of guaran- 
teed interest or mileage subsidies, and will declare for- 
feited all existing concessions which are not complied with 
within the stipulated time. Grants of land will, however, 
it is said, be made to aid in extending existing roads and 
branches from them to the interior settlements. Presi- 
dent Diaz believes that the railway system of Mexico will 
be so far advanced when existing enterprises are com- 
pleted that its agricultural and mineral interests will find 
sufficient lines of transportation to market, and private 
enterprise will be found to supply any demand for addi- 
tional railway facilities. This judicious determination 
was prompted, it is said, by the recent and well under- 
stood crisis in the Argentine Republic. 

THE RAILWAYS OF CEIN^TRAL AMERICA. 

Railway enterprises in Central America are at a stand- 
still at present, with the exception of Costa Rica, where the 
road from Limon, the port on the Atlantic, to the capital, 
San Jose, which has been under construction for the last 
ten years, has been completed. The first through train 
from Port Limon to San Jose was to have been started 
with great ceremony on the 15th of December and regular 
traffic opened during the following week. The dream of 



330 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

the Costa Ricans to possess a railroad of tlieir own on tlie 
shortest lines possible by which to reach the great world 
appears now to be fairly realized. The difficulties in the 
way of this achievement, both financial and physical, 
have been great. Swamps and quagmires, treacherous 
and turbulent rivers, huge and rugged mountains have 
interposed an almost insurmountable barrier to the 
engineer and contractor. Difiicult and tedious as were 
the efiPorts to raise means for the work, they were eclipsed 
by the natural obstacles which had to be overcome before 
success crowned the undertaking. And to Mr. Minor C. 
Keith is Costa Rica indebted for the triumph its people 
may now celebrate, as he has been financier and contractor, 
with unsurpassed energy and steadfast faith in an under- 
taking which men with less intelligence and stamina would 
never have essayed. It is expected that in May next the 
road ^dll be turned over to the En2:lish svndicate which 
has furnished the funds for the construction of the Reven- 
tazon section and for the remetaling and stocking of the 
other and older sections of the line. 

THE RAILWAYS OF VENEZUELA. 

The railway development of Venezuela is slow but 
promising. There are several concessions of importance 
pending in the money- centers of Europe, but the uncer- 
tainty as to whether Guzman -Blanco, the former dictator, 
Avould return and endeavor to recover the government by 
force has made capital timid about investment there. It 
seems hardly possible that Guzman will recover his lost 
prosperity and power, and without him the country will 
be a great deal better off. 

By far the most liberal and valuable railway concession 
thus far granted by the Bolivian government is that to 



• ^ 



Xi 




< 
o 



c/1 

z5 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 333 

Mr. W. H. Christy, of New York, which has just been 
practically completed. This concession is for a standard 
gauge road from Oruro north to the Peruvian frontier at 
Huaichu, a distance of nearly 300 miles. 

The completion of this railway and the extension of the 
Antof ogasta <fe Huanchaca road from Huanchaca to Oruro 
will place another link of 500 miles in the natural route 
of the proposed intercontinental railway, with a branch 
of over 350 miles extending from Huanchaca to Antof og- 
asta on the coast of Chili. From Huanchaca this line of 
railway can be easily pushed on south to meet the Argen- 
tine system that is rapidly being extended to the Bolivian 
frontier. But a comparatively short and easily constructed 
link will be required to connect these lines with the 
Southern railway system of Peru at Juliaca, where it will 
have its northern extension, via the road now in operation 
from Juliaca to Santa Eosa, and which is to be extended 
as far north as Santa Anna via Cuzco under the recently 
concluded contract between the Peruvian bondholders 
and the government of Peru, known as ^'the Grace con- 
tract." From Juliaca this system will have connection 
again with the coast at Mollendo, Peru, via the present 
Mollendo, Arequipa & Puno Kail way, a distance of 270 
miles. It will thus be seen that a direct and contin- 
uous line of railway north and south through the Argen- 
tine Republic, Bolivia and Peru is practically assured, and 
an immense stretch of territory opened to be covered by 
the proposed international railway, with diverging lines to 
the Pacific coast. 

The enormous resources of Bolivia make it a most 
attractive country for the investment of capital, and a 
French syndicate has recently submitted to the govern- 
ment a plan for a system of railroad to the southeast 



334 THE woeld's coloibiai^ exposition 

wliicli will give tliat country access by tliree different 
routes to tlie Atlantic. This syndicate is represented by 
Dr. Antonia Quijairo, and his plan has been accepted by 
the government, although the terms are not yet distinctly 
agreed upon. The Quijairo plan proposes three lines of 
road — one from La Paz to the Argentine frontier, to con- 
nect with the railway system of the latter republic ; 
another from Sucre to the mines of Potosi, passing through 
what is supposed to be the richest mineral belt in the 
world. The third line passes across the Bolivian frontier 
eastward to the navigable waters of the Paraguay river, 
which will give commerce over that line unrestricted water 
transportation to the sea. 

Perhaps the reader will have a clearer idea of Chili as 
it is to-day if we add a popular account which an able 
and well informed writer has recently contributed to the 
St. Louis Republic: 



CHILI OF TO-DAY. 



The most warlike nation of South America shows 
small on a map, but has a very extensive territory, with 
uncommon resources. Her soldiers are active, well -drilled 
and valiant, without a fear of death. Since the possi- 
bilities of a war with Chili have become the chief toj^ic 
in this country it has been remarked frequently that the 
idea of so large a nation fighting so small a nation is 
a little ridiculous, and that such a war could bring 
no glory to the United States, says the New York 
Sun. Even those who talk loudest in favor of teach- 
ing the Chilians a lesson in manners, as the phrase goes, 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 33^ 

who would send an army at once, if they had their way, 
pause when the disparity between the two nations is 
spoken of, and admit that Chili is too small a country 
to notice with dignity, and her peo|)le scarcely worth 
considering. Indeed, the idea is fixed deeply in the 
American mind that the most southerly of Republics is 
not only the smallest Republic, but one of the smallest 
nations, and that her people are slender weaklings, who 
make loud boasts, but are incapable of fighting and at 
heart cowards. The prevalent idea of the valor of South 
Americans generally is far from flattering, and most peo- 
ple in this country consider the Chilians less valorous than 
the rest. The fact is that there is no country or no peo- 
ple on the face of the earth about which Americans know 
less than about Chili and Chilians. This is excusabloy 
perhaps, for the reason that there is less literature about 
that country than any other. Situated where it is, in the 
extreme south and west of South America, out of the 
lines of travel and unapproachable except by sea, it has- 
been skipped over by travelers. There are several volu- 
minous histories in the Spanish language and a brief 
dozen or two dull books of travellers' notes which have 
attracted no attention. There has been more written 
about the savage tribes of Central Africa than about the 
powerful and enlightened Republic of Chili. Moreover, 
very little of Chili's tremendous trade has come to Amer- 
ica. Great Britain takes care of that. In England they 
know what resources the country has, and what a power 
she is. Here we know Chili as a long, yellow mark on 
the map. We think of her as a barren Republic, clinging 
tooth and nail to the Andes Mountains to save herself 
from tumbling into the Pacific Ocean. We think of her 
people as partly civilized half-breeds, swarthy of face and 



336 



slender of limb, who live in straw huts and work in gold 
mines owned by Em^opeans. Perhaps the very contempt 
with which we regard Chili and Chilian affairs contributes 
to om^ rage at reported insults. Chili ! Faugh ! Let us 
^dpe her off the face of the earth ! 

Perhaps it will be news to most Americans that Chili is 
in some respects the greatest nation in South America. 
That she is the most powerful will stand undisputed. 
That she is universally feared by her neighbors is a fact. 
That she is hated follows naturally. Chili is strong, 
aggressive and warlike. She is to South America in 
many ways what Russia is to Europe. 'No southern 
nation will risk a quarrel with her, and her neighbors eye 
her askance, doubting her intentions. Perhaps it may be 
news to most Americans that Chili is a large country. 
She is small on the map, because her sisters are enorm- 
ously larger, but her territory is extensive. She is larger 
than any country in Europe except Russia. She has 
2, 500 miles of the sea -coast. If she were plucked loose 
from her Andes and laid down over our Atlantic coast, 
her most northern province would cover Maine, and her 
rock -bound southern extremity would blot out of existence 
the Peninsula of Florida. With the length, Chili has a 
breadth of from 50 to 200 miles. Perhaj^s it T^ill further 
surprise most Americans to know that Chili is probably 
the most advanced nation on her continent. Her rail- 
road, telegraph and telephone systems are of the best. 
Her method of government is superior to any. Her 
schools and universities are in the van of education. In 
methods of farming she equals the United States. In 
manufactures she far distances every South American 
country, and she is a model for any new nation in the 
world. Her mining operations are modern and extensive. 



AIS^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 337 

Her commerce is far extending and increasing. Chili is 
not a tropical country, it must be remembered. She 
occupies the same zone that we occupy. The only South 
American rival which she has in matter of civilization and 
progress is that amazing Republic of Argentine, just across 
the Andes, a republic which is surpassing in growth the 
best efforts of our own wonderful country. 

And now comes another surprise. Few Americans will 
be prepared to believe that the Chilians are a pure white 
race, strong of body, sturdy of will, bright of wit, a 
people of great courage, determination and patriotism. 
They are unlike any other South American people in 
these respects, and that is why they are feared. They are 
smaller in stature than Americans, but larger and sturdier 
than their neighbors. The masses, those who make up 
the bulk of the population and the rank and file of the 
army, are of mixed race, largely Indian. They are people 
of great strength, endurance and ferocity. The common 
soldiers, of the blood of the warlike Araucanian abori- 
gines, make Chili terrible in war. They have no fear of 
death and do not know when they are defeated. In the 
war with Peru the enormous proportion of dead to 
wounded left on the field of battle has gone into history 
as a memorial to the ferocity of these dark-skinned 
warriors. 

THE SIZE OF CHILI. 

Imagine the entire eastern coast of the United States, 
with from 100 to 200 miles of breadth, cut off from the 
rest of the country. Imagine the Rocky Mountains, 
largely increased in height and capped with eternal snows, 
set close up against the western edge of that strip of land, 
their sides pushing down abruptly and joining the level 



338 THE WORLD S COLUMBIA!^ EXPOSITION 

by slopes not so easily traversed. Now, imagine tlie 
Alleglienies pulled from their bases and planted along tlie 
western edge of the coast, so close to the sea that there is 
only room for some narrow plains and a few towns here 
and there between the surf and their abrupt slopes. Sup- 
pose the long, narrow strip of country between the parallel 
mountain chains a fertile plateau blooming with vegetable 
wealth, dotted with cities and villages and crossed by 
innumerable torrents carr^dng the drippings of the snow- 
capped motintains to the sea. That is Chili reversed, of 
course, for Chili's coast is bathed by the Pacific, and the 
sun rises over the white summits of her volcanoes. 

Following out the comparison a little further we find 
that Chili's territory would cover the States of Maine, 
'New Hampshire, Vermont, ]\Iassachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, a third of ISTew York, all of New Jersey, 
half of Pennsylvania, most of Maryland, all of Delaware, 
nearly half of Virginia and Xorth Carolina, three-quarters 
of South Carolina, half of Georgia, a corner of Alabama 
and all of Florida. 

Chili, or Chile, as she spells her name, runs from the 
fifteenth parallel of south latitude well below the fifty- 
sixth. The northern provinces grow hot under a tro]3ical 
sun and bring forth the fruits of Southern California in 
profusion and perfection. The wild and rocky territory 
which she pushes southward to within twelve degrees of 
the Antarctic zone is cold and cheerless, given to ice in 
sjDring and fall, and little productive of vegetation. Be - 
tween the two limits the fertile valley brings forth the 
products of every zone by turn. It brings forth its 
produce freely, too, under the spur of perfect irrigation 
and enlightened methods of agriculture, and the country 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 339 

eats its fill and sends a large surplus of grains and otlier 
produce to its less energetic neighbors. 

The same general land configuration extends from the 
volcanic peaks of the extreme IN'orth almost to the barren 
island of Terra del Fuego, where land ends. The august 
Andes always push their snowy summits into the clouda 
to the east of this central valley, where the nation lives, 
and the lesser heights of the Cordilleras de la Costa 
always hide the sea on the west. Chili is more blessed 
in scenery than Switzerland. There is no spol in all her 
great territory which huge mountains do not overlook. 
They are among the highest in the world. Aconcagua 
rises 22,427 feet into the air. The two dozen other vol- 
canoes, not so ambitious, are of enormous heights also. 
Below the summits the rugged and notched ridges of the 
mountains glisten whitely till they subside into pale blue 
below the snow line. 

The Cordilleras de la Costa are cut by many passes, 
down which rush mountain torrents, and through which 
pass well-constructed railways. The slopes of the Cordil- 
leras are short, ending abruptly in the sea. The central 
plateau is much higher, so that the eastern mountain 
slopes are softer. At Santiago the central table -land is 
1,800 feet high. 

The Andes are the eastern boundary of Chili in more 
senses than one. There is an imaginary line drawn along 
the summits which divides the country from Argentina. 
Few people cross the Andes. The passage requires from 
four to six days. There are a few so-called passes, but 
they cannot be traveled except on muleback. The passes 
are simply slight indentations in the mountains. The 
best known is Dona Ana. You have to mount 14,770 
feet above the level to pass through it. New Yorkers look 



840 THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Upon Mount Marcy, in the Adirondacks, as a very liigli 
inountainj and boast of having climbed it. It is 5, 200 
feet in height. The lowest of the passes over the Andes 
is Planchon. It has 11,455 feet of altitude. Chilian 
enterprise has projected a railroad over the Andes, which 
is now under construction. With or. with out the railroad 
the mountains are a natural boundary, and Chili and 
Argentina will never quarrel over disputed territory. 

But travelers tell us that the beauty of the country 
passes all description; that the country from end to end 
presents a magnificent and bewildering spectacle, a glorious 
panorama of brightness and shadow, of paradise and 
desert. Travelers also tell us that the country is wonder- 
fully inspiriting. Its climate is everything one wants. If 
you want warmth, go north to the land of figs and oranges. 
If you want cold, move south to the vast pine forests. If 
you are not particular, settle anywhere between these 
extremes. In Santiago, the capital, the temperature 
is never hio^her than 70 deoTees, and never lower 
than 52 degrees. It never rains there, except during the 
four winter months, but dews always keep the atmosj^here 
moist and pleasant. There is no country more healthful 
than Chili, the travelers say. 

Chili has enormous natural wealth. The wealth is of 
various sources, which will be understood best by di^dd- 
ing the country into sections or belts which represent dif- 
ferent kinds of produce. Beginning in the north, the 
first is the mineral belt, from 18 to 32 degrees, com- 
prising the provinces of Tacna, Tarapaca, Antofagasta, 
Atacama, Coquimbo and Aconcagua. The next is the 
agricultural belt, from 32 degrees to 41 degrees 30 min- 
utes, comprising the provinces of Valparaiso, Santiago, 
O'Higgins, Colchagua, Curico, Talca, Linares, Maule, 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 341 

Nable, Concepcion, Bio-Bio, Auro, Malleco, Cautin, Val- 
divia and Llassquiline. The third is the timber and fish- 
eries belt, and includes all the southern end of Chili, with 
primitive forests, islands and lakes. There is enormous 
natural wealth in each of these zones. The most north- 
ern or mineral zone, however, is Chili's stronghold of 
wealth. The treasures she digs out of the earth make her 
a great nation, place her name in the third class — along- 
side of that of France — in the table in which the nations 
of the earth are enumerated comparatively, according to 
their national debts and the nature and disposition of their 
resources. 

In the mineral belt, gold, silver, copper, lead, anti- 
mony, cobalt, zinc, nickel, bismuth, iron, molybdenum 
and nitrate are found in great quantities, and the mining 
operations are extensive. The Germans and English 
have flocked there with capital to work the mines. Chili- 
ans also engage in the work as principals, but not to the 
same extent as foreigners. The country profits enor- 
mously by her mines outside of the employment it gives 
her laboring classes, through the fees she exacts of the 
mine-owners for privileges and the exjDort tax which she 
places upon the output. The silver mines of Chili are 
among the richest and most extensive in the world. The 
stories told by travelers of the precentage of pure metal 
found in the ores are considered preposterous sometimes, 
but there is evidence to show that the ores are wonderfully 
rich, surpassed perhaps only by a few ancient and cele- 
brated mines in Peru. The great mineral wealth of Chili, 
however, come from her nitrate of soda deposits, and 
therein lies a story. 

Before the war of 1873, between Chilli on one hand and 
Peru and Bolivia on the other, the northern boundaries of 



'342 THE world's COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITION" 

'Chili were fixed indefinitely south of the Bolivian desert of 
Atacama. North of Atacama was the desert of Turapaca, 
which belonged to Pern. Chili never questioned the 
rio'hts of those countries to her arid reoions till it was 
ascertained that they were stored with wealth. The silver 
mines of Guantaguya and Santa Rosa, near Iquique in 
Tarapaca, had been known before, but it was believed 
that the deserts were of no value. But when it was dis- 
covered that in Tarapaca and Atacama there were inex- 
haustable beds of nitrate and borax; that in Atacama were 
.some of the richest silver mines in the world, and that 
guano deposits had accumulated on the rocky promontor- 
ies of the coast, Chili disputed the boundary lines. A 
pretence for war was found upon the flimsiest of evidence. 
Bolivia and Peru united in defence. But together they 
were no match for Chili, and both provinces have since paid 
their tribute into her cofiers, and form now her chief source 
of income. 

The yearly output of nitrate of soda is enormous, and 
hundreds of vessels are engaged in the trafiic of carrying 
it from the deserts of Chili over the world. British 
capital chiefly is employed in the great industry. The 
nitrate is found from. one to ten feet below the soil, mixed 
with extraneous matter. In that form it is called caliche. 
The beds of caliche are four to six or eight feet in thick- 
ness, and extend over vast areas of territory. The Tara- 
paca Desert es especially rich in it. The caliche is 
obtained by blasting, the powder being packed in deep 
holes or tiros, extending through the upper soil and the 
caliche itself. It is then loaded on cars and taken to the 
shore by train, Avhere it passes through purifying processes 
of dissolution and recrystallization. The nitrate is then 
ready for the market and is shi23ped in bags. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 345 

The deserts wliicli hide the nitrate beds are desolate in 
the extreme. It is probable that rain has not fallen on 
them for many years. Animals cannot exist there. 
Rivers miles away are deflected from their courses to sup- 
ply drinking water for the laborers, and all supplies are 
brought by railroad, The nitrate beds are supposed to 
be the dried bottoms of salt lakes of prehistoric times. 
Many thousands of Chilians are employed there. Thus 
Chili derives her largest income from provinces stolen 
from weaker neighbors. 

The other minerals found in Chili j)ay largely also. 
Her deserts and mountains are full of wealth, and are 
making fortunes for those who work them. Her guano 
beds are large and pofitable, although her nitrate has of 
late curtailed the demand for guano, being itself a cheap 
fertilizer. It is believed that Chili's mountains are full of 
undiscovered fortunes. Coal of an excellent quality and 
in unlimited quantities has been discovered south of the 
mineral belt, and is being mined extensively and very 
profitably. The agricultural belt south of the mining 
region is a delightful country, covered with farms and 
dotted with flourishing towns. It is crossed by railroads 
in many directions, and is as prosperous and delightful a 
country as can be found. The greater cities are there. 

But in spite of the fertile soil and climate only irriga- 
tion has made agriculture possible throughout a large 
part of Chili. The Andes suck the moisture from the 
winds and rain is light and infrequent. But the industri- 
ous Chilians deflect the rushing rivers from their courses 
and spread their waters in little ditches over the country. 
The system, which travelers describe as very similar to 
that used in our Western States, is carried to a degree 
approaching perfection. The farmers of a section com- 



346 THE world's COLUMBIAIS- EXPOSITION 

bine to tap a river and ditch its water to tlieir acres, where 
it is distributed, the expenses being borne in common. 
Under that system the whole country blooms like a gar- 
den. Oranges, lemons and figs abound toward the north. 
Then comes the region of flax, corn, grapes, olives and 
peaches. Further south, where the climate is much like 
that of Great Britain, wheat, barley, rye, flax and corn 
are cultivated with immense success in quantities suflicient 
to supply the nation and export largely. Peru and Boli- 
via depend to a great extent on Chili for their cereals. 
Travelers praise that favored part of Chili in words which 
seem excessive. 

The timbers and fisheries belt, comprising an enor- 
mous territory, is almost an unexplored wilderness. Its 
forest wealth is declared to be unsurpassed, except by 
the British possessions of ISTorth America. The trees are 
of varieties unknown to us, but just as satisfying to the 
needs of man. Capital is attacking the edges of the for- 
ests, and an export business has been begun with Europe. 
The fisheries are of immense value. They, too, are entirely 
undeveloped. The Grovernment is trying to direct immi- 
gration into that part of the country with the hope of 
realizing something of its possibilities. But it is slow 
work; for the country is wild and occupied by the Arauc- 
anian Indians, who, if not hostile, are lawless and un- 
pleasant neighbors. The savages are fearless and phys- 
ically powerful. They are coming under the domination 
of the Government, to which they have sold their terri- 
tories little by little. 

Such is Chili, a country of large area, enormous nat- 
ural wealth, wonderful physical beauty, and great possi- 
bilities. It is surely desji'ving of domination by a worthy 
race. 



AIS'D CHICAGO GUIDE. 347 



CHILI AND ITS PEOPLE. 

In Chili class distinctions are marked. There are three 
classes among her inhabitants. The ruling class is purely 
white, descended from the Spanish conquerors of the 
land, as Americans are descended from the former English 
possessors of America. The lower class is a mixed race, 
combining the blood of the Spaniards and the Araucan- 
ians. The mixed people are called peones, in English 
peons. They constitute the bulk of the population, and 
do the laborious and menial work. In the third class 
are the Araucanians pure and simple. There are 50, 000 
of the savages in the country. They yield a ready obe- 
dience to the laws when they leave their wilds for civiliza- 
tion, and they can be impressed into the army if desired. 
They are fierce, cruel and tireless fighters. 

Nearly all travelers who write of Chili fail to distinguish 
sufiiciently between the Chilians of pure Spanish, or, at 
least white blood, and the mixed class. That is one rea- 
son why Americans have such wrong impressions of the 
people. The Chilians are as white as we are, and nearly 
as numerous as the peons, whom they treat imperiously. 
There are naturally many of the lower class whose ad- 
mixture of Indian blood is very small and who are nearly 
white. For that, however, the unfortunates must sufier. 

The Chilians are a proud race, arrogant, pretentious 
and fond of display. There is much of their Spanish 
forefathers about them. They have acquired in the brisk 
climate an energy not Spanish, but have retained a love 
of ease and a carelessness or slovenliness with their work 
which is traceable directly. They have kept their Span- 
ish beauty. They are not stunted in stature to the degree 

noticeable in the descendants of Spaniards in other South 
19 



348 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

American countries, probably another result of climate. 
They are strongly of the Spanish type, however. The 
men are slender and graceful, although strong of build, 
and the women are dark, languorous beauties, who know 
well the coquettishness of the Spanish manta, and to 
sing love -songs to the twang of a guitar. There is a 
certain atmosphere of romance and poetry thrown over 
this interesting country, which is certainly an inheritance. 
It is not born of the air, which is brisk and inspires 
action rather than sentiment. The Chilians are far from 
lazy. They are hearty and active, with an ambition 
to lead in all things, art and science as well as business, 
manufactures and war. They are copyists, however. 
Their civilization, high as it is, is crude and in many ways 
unformed. 

Santiago, the Chilian capital, is a handsome city. It 
lies in the great plain between the two mountain ranges, 
the great snow-capped summits of the Andes being visible 
from every street. It is laid out like a chess-board, as 
indeed is every Chilian town, however small. There is a 
grand central plaza, with the cathedral, the governor's 
palace, and the great public buildings on two sides, and 
the swell shops of the city on the other two sides. The 
plaza is the real center of the town. Its life, social and 
business, seems to spring from it At night there is music 
under its trees, and the inhabitants gather and promenade, 
making a nightly festival. By day the plaza is lined 
with baratillos, or small retail booths, much patronized 
by the inhabitants. The city is vrell ordered. The shops 
are small and not remarkable for the variety or quality of 
the goods they contain. But Santiago is not a business 
city. Valparaiso, four hours away by express, is the 
great seaport and business center of the nation, the New 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 349 

York of Chili. Santiago is tlie city of liomes and society, 
the social and governmental head of the nation. There 
are numerous street-car lines in the city, and blooming 
half-breed girls act as car conductors. It is a singular 
custom, seen nowhere else in South America. Many of 
the half-breeds are handsome, and the women, when 
young, are plump and rosy. The bright-eyed conductors 
seldom retain their places long. When one becomes a 
conductor she might as well order her trousseau and be 
done with it. 

The great street of Santiago is the Alameda, a boule- 
vard with a central garden of trees, adorned with statuary 
and with roadways on either side. There are many fine 
residences along the street, as there are also in the in- 
terminable streets which run to right and left, always 
crossing at right angles and occupying great areas of 
ground. 

The Chilian house is something of a fortress. It has 
indications of the old Spanish house about it, with many 
original features. It is built around one or more court- 
yards, and is shut off from the street by heavy doors and 
sometimes by iron gates besides. A blank wall is all 
that is presented from the street. The outsider gets no 
glimpse of the charming homelike scene within, of the 
orange trees blooming in the court yard, of the curious 
angles, far projecting roofs, quaint turnings and twistings, 
carved rafters, nail-studded doors and other comfort-sug- 
gesting features of the truly interesting structure. An 
exceedingly inhospitable building is the Chilian family 
home. It offers no welcome to the stranger, and little 
even to the acquaintance, for social lines are drawn much 
more tightly in Chili than they are here. 

The well-to-do and poorer Chilians live in more modest 



350 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOI^ 

dwellings of the same general plan. It remains to the 
peons, the half-breeds, to live in wretched sheds and 
hovels, jammed together in frightful and filthy dens. But 
it may be that travelers unwittingly exaggerate the pov- 
erty of the peons. Doubtless well-to-do Chilians who 
visit New York write home thrilling descriptions of Hes- 
ter street. 

Most of the dwelling houses are built of adobe or sun- 
dried brick for the first story. If there be a second story 
it is often of cane, the whole plastered with mud and col- 
ored and ornamented. But few houses have more than 
one story, for Chili is a land of earthquakes. Although 
common and of constant occurrence, earthquakes are not 
regarded as either dangerous or unpleasant. Many pri- 
vate houses are of large size, covering 400 or 500 feet 
square of ground, and accomodating three generations of 
a family, with dining-rooms which will seat sixty at 
table. Many have architectural pretensions, and are 
decorated with elaborate mouldings and marble slabs. 
But stucco is depended upon, and houses are painted 
every color and shade distinguishable by the human eye. 
Santiago has a large theatre, which is patronized ex- 
tensively. 

An admirable understanding of the Chilian people can 
be obtained by visiting the plaza in the evening. The 
scene has been described by more than one traveler. A 
military band plays European airs, while the people, 
young and old, promenade in the winding pathways un- 
der the trees. Many of the costumes worn have been 
imported, and all have been cut after Parisian fashion- 
plates. The men wear black coats and silk hats, the 
women and girls dresses of silks and expensive fabrics. 
There is more or less flirting, perhaps more boldly car- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 351 

ried on than with us. The scene is enlivened by the 
presence of many officers in gay uniform, for Chilians 
affect the army and are fond of its display. Mixed with 
the throng of gay and light-hearted whites are the mixed 
people, the peons, the unfortunates who have Indian 
blood. The women are dark-skinned, with straight, 
black hair, and are homely after they pass the age of rosy 
cheeks. They dress corsely and are vulgar in their 
manners. Both men and women acknowledge the supe- 
riority of the whites. The whites in turn treat them like 
slaves. A Chilian will not thank a peon for a service. 

The military atmosphere is everywhere. The officers 
are bold, arrogant fellows who know their tactics by 
heart and are accustomed to command. The Peruvian war 
showed that they were intrepid and fearless soldiers as 
well as brainy tacticians. The common soldiers, the 
peons, are stocky, sturdy, powerful, brutal, fearless. They 
love fighting, and they have no fear of death. Theirs is 
a curious religion, inherited from the Araucanians and 
full of odd superstitions. It teaches them that death in 
battle is glorious. The religion of the whites, by the 
way, is Roman Catholic. It is recognized by the state, 
but all other sects are tolerated, and there are some flom*- 
ishing Protestant societies. 

Large and expensive barracks and military schools are 
now in course of erection in Santiago, for the Chilians 
mean to cultivate the art of war. They have also the 
long -established Escuela Militar, the Academia de Guorra 
a military club, an Institute of Military Engineers and 
the like. The Chilians are close students of European 
armies, tactics and systems. Of other institutions Santi- 
ago has her share. She has an extensive public school 
system, galleries of art, scientific collections and societies, 



352 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

a national college of a higli order, schools of law and 
medicine, and the like. With its electric lights and tel- 
ephones and telegraph systems, you would not know 
Santiago from an American city. Eight newspapers are 
jDublished daily. Besides large banks, the city has every 
necessity or luxury attendant on the highest and most 
complex state of civilization. 

Valparaiso, the port and business centre of Chili, on 
the west slope of the Cordilleras de la Costa, is very 
different from Santiago. It is essentially an English city. 
It is large, of no particular beauty, and with something 
of a cosmopolitan air. It has clubs and a large English 
population. Germans, too, are very numerous. A great 
deal of wealth is centred in the town and invested in its 
enterprises and business projects. English is spoken 
everywhere. One can hardly get along without it in 
Valparaiso. For that matter, English is well understood 
throughout the country. The time was when Paris was 
the city upon which all eyes were fixed. Paris is yet the 
Chilians idea of dress and art, but London is all else to 
Chili, and it may be said that it is a nation of anglo- 
maniacs, although there is not any aping of the English 
to a perceptible degree. The relationship is largely of 
business orig:in, and it came about from English influence 
making itself felt through the medium of financial chan- 
nels. English is taught in the schools, and when children 
are old enough to go abroad, they are taken to London. 
Of course, they visit Paris, too. 

Social life is more formal in Chili than with us. Society 
distinctions are drawn more definitely. The great fami- 
lies of the nation live apart in a small world of their own. 
Family counts for much. The chief social functions are 
the dinner-party and the reception. Even in the middle 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 353 

classes there is not that joyous freedom of social inter- 
course which we know. The young man who falls in 
love must be content with unsatisfactory tete-a-tetes in 
crowded ball-rooms. He must apply to the girl's parents 
and obtain permission to address the daughter before he 
is granted any additional liberty. Lovers are never per- 
mitted to meet alone until they have been married. 
Among the peons social Inies are as noticeably loose. 
Marriage is indispensed with in perhaps a majority of 
cases. Men and women live together as fancy prompts. 
But the sturdy half-breeds are honest fellows, with strong 
affections, and the family relation in most instances holds, 
as firmly as a contract. 

Chilian women of the upper class exhaust the vocabu- 
laries , of travelers. They are exceedingly slender and 
graceful, almost*, always with rich, dark complexions, 
long, soft and jet black hair, and black eyes under long, 
drooping lashes. They speak the soft Spanish language 
with softer voices than their fair American sisters of the 
Northern Hemisphere. They are educated carefully. 
Many of them speak English, and a few speak French. 

Traveling in Chili is rapid and comfortable. The 
railroads are well constructed, and the rolling stock is of the 
best. Express trains make almost as good time as they do 
in the United States. Parlor-cars are common on the 
principal roads. The number of travelers is amazing in a 
nation of 3, 000, 000 people. The usual explanation is that 
the lower classes are restless folk, never satisfied with one 
place, always wanting change. The idleness of the 
Spanish progenitors and their Indian shiftlessness make 
the peons roving, good-for-nothings, but always happy. 
They will never work long at a job. As soon as they 
have something ahead, they knock off and spend it. 



354 THE ^VORLd's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOIS" 

When a train stops at a station in the country, the 
stranger finds his surroundings interesting. The station 
is merely a roof of corrugated iron, supported by uprights. 
The arrival of the train is plainly an event in ^-illage life. 
Everybody is at the station. There are dark Spanish 
faces, feminine and bewhiskered, the swarthy faces of 
the half-breeds, and j)erhaps the dark face of a full- 
blooded Indian. A uniform and the bright dresses, as 
well as the cheeks of the girls, are the bits of color. The 
bustle, the laughter and the merry clatter in the soft 
Spanish tongue are amusing. If it be a town of some 
size, a score of persistent newsboys and venders of sau- 
sages besiege the passengers. Horsemen with enormous 
hats and bright-colored pouches ride about, and wagons 
of primitive build, drawn by oxen, have brought loads 
of fodder bound for the nitrate fields. 

The country districts abound in grand scenery and bits 
of pleasant and odd rural life. The grape country and 
the wine-presses interest the traveler, for wine is becom- 
ing an important product of the land and is securing a 
demand abroad. The great grazing districts, with their 
vaqueros or Indian cowboys, and their rodeos, or round- 
ups, as our ranchmen term the periodic stock accounting, 
and the great forest tracts, with their interesting Indian 
inhabitants, are much talked of by travelers. Amazing 
tales, too, are told of the game in the southern forests, 
and of the savage pumas which make life exciting for the 
mountaineer of the warmer regions. 

Let no one sneer at Chili and her peoj^le. If it comes 
to war, it would be strange, indeed, if we did not thrash 
her soundly. But victory must be fought for. The 
Chilians are highly civilized and valorous, and if they be 
few in number, perhaps their wealth and high national 



AT^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 357 

credit and tlie impregnable fortifications which nature 
has built around their country may count for something. 
We shall not whip them in a day. 



ECUADOR. 



Ecuador has already signified ofiicially her intention of 
participating in The World's Columbian Exposition, and 
has appropriated $125, 000 for her exhibit. Its world-famed 
Cordilleras looked down upon Pizarro, and the hill -sides 
displayed to him the agriculture of the Inca civilization. 
Quito was Pizarro's favorite city and still contains his me- 
morial cathedral. Lake Titicaca, of interest as a body of 
water, links the present with the past through being the 
supposed repository of such Inca treasures as escaj^ed the 
rapacity of the Spaniard. The well-known Chimb orazo 
raises its lofty peaks 21,424 feet into the skies, dwarfing 
the height of such pigmies as Mont Blanc, of which 
Coleridge says : 

"Hast thou a charm to stay the morning-star 
In his steep flight? So long he seems to pause, 
On thy bald awful head, O Sovran Blanc." 

and of the oft-vaunted claims of Pike's Peak. Ecua- 
dor, however, is by no means limited to Chimborazo, 
for it possesses fourteen other peaks which exceed in 
height Pike's Peak : Pasto, Sangay, Cambul, Tungura- 
gua, Carguarozo, Cayambo, Cutacaibe, Pichincho, Corazon, 
Guamani, Ilinico, Quelemdama, Antisana, and the well- 
known Cotapaxi. 

As we all know, the land of Ecuador is somewhat chol- 
eric; so that the student of seismic disturbances can there 



358 THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

find an adequate field of investigation. Tracliyte, lavas, 
and pumice, synite and porphyries are likely to be Ecua- 
dors geological contribution. 

The rivers of Ecuador, with the exception of the Mara- 
non, a branch of the Amazon, are useful for irrigation and 
scenic effects, rather than for the uses of navigation; but 
Ecuador can, through photography, delight as well as 
instruct visitors to The World's Columbian Exposition. 
Her fauna includes the cougar, the black bear, the puma, 
the tapir, deer, the sloth, iguanas, cavies, and the usual 
variety of bats and monkeys. To the Fisheries Depart- 
ment, to the Entomological display, and to the Ethnograph- 
ical Department, the exhibits from Ecuador may be ex- 
pected to add both variety and value. 

Her flora is not peculiar in comparison with those of 
other South American States, but it includes much of 
value and interest. The best of the popular cm^ative 
quinine, cocoa, rice, pepper, sugar-cane, cotton, maize, 
wheat, barley, tobacco, and timber, form articles of com- 
merce. Her mines produce gold, platinum, sulphuret of 
mercury and emeralds. Her native population still ex- 
cels in the woven cottons and the fabrics of inimitable 
coloring which charmed the followers of Pizarro as they 
delight the modern world. 

Ecuador's proposed exhibit may be inferred from its 
appropriation of $125,000. Ecuador's showing for 1890 
w^as: Imports, $695,000; and exports, 8756,211. 

IX MODERN HOMES. 

Guayaquil no longer appears as it did to the Spaniard, 
for while the clift's are still unchanged, their terraced sides 
now gleam with artificial light, and its canals bear on their 
bosom the gondolas for which they are so well adapted 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 359^ 

and whose anticipated coming led to the name of Vene- 
zuela. 

THE PILLAGED CATHEDRAL. 

Near-by is Quito, so distinguished for its miseries dur- 
ing the Spanish conquest, and whose magnificence wasted 
upon pagan gods was so promptly converted into means 
for the gratification of the Christian pillagers, who, by 
extracting the silver nails of the cathedral, secured twenty- 
two thousand ounces of this metal so useful to the believ- 
ers in a bi- metallic currency. Quito at this day may be 
considered the monk city of the 'New World ; so that not 
all in vain were the efforts of the faithful. Quito as a 
Christian city dates back to 1534, and Guayaquil wa& 
founded but a year later. 

BUEIED TREASURE. 

It is in this neighborhood that search has repeatedly 
been made for the buried treasure of the Incas ; for the 
Spaniards were satisfied that the gold which they secured 
was but trifling in comparison with what the offended 
natives put beyond their reach. 

CARTHAGEIS-A. 

Carthagena, in New Granada or Columbia, was rendered 
by the Spaniards one of the best fortified cities of the 
world; for it was formerly the entreport for the famous 
Spanish galleons, and consequently the Mecca of pirate 
and buccaneer. 

THE CITY WALLS. 

Its city wall is said to have cost ninety millions of dollars, , 
and to have admitted of forty horsemen riding abreast ; 
for a country which for two centuries yielded many 



360 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION" 

millions each year to the Crown in spite of the commis- 
sions withheld from the ' ' royal fifths " was well entitled 
to an expenditure relatively so trifling. Indeed, it is to the 
ancient Peru and to the time of Pizarro that we of this 
day must turn to have our imaginations sensibly affected; 
for since the modern discovery of multiplying wealth 
without creating it, sums less than a hundred millions 
seem but a qualification for endurable poverty. Thirty 
years ago the Americans boasted of one family whose 
accumulated wealth was less than that now gained in a few 
years by many a shrewd operator who has proved himself 
equal to his opportunities; but now the spectacle of the 
magical wand has become so common as to render tame 
the petty results accomplished by the Benjamin Franklin 
method. Possibly all this is of the nature of true progress; 
but it certainly multiplies the difi&culties of the veracious 
chronicler, who must now compete with the Count of 
Monte Cristo, Mr. Isaacs, Coal-Oil Tommy, Jules Verne, 
and S. Rider Haggard. 

HALL OF THE Il^-QUISITION. 

The Spanish Inquisition, it will be remembered, did 
not confine the sphere of its operation to any such limits 
as those of Spain, but extended its operations to the 
Spanish conquests where heresy and infidelity so abounded 
among the Gentiles of native birth, and where religious 
zeal found a powerful auxiliary in the popular zeal for the 
confiscation of the possessions of the wicked pagans. 
Among the remains of Spanish architecture, we find, as 
one would expect, the Hall of the Inquisition and the 
Cathedral. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 361 



THE MARBLE PULPIT. 



The marble pulpit in this cathedral is so beautifully 
carved as to be an object of wonder to all lovers of art, 
but it has other claims to interest. Mr. Curtis, in his 
capitals of South America, — a work of the greatest interest 
for the modern reader, — says that this pulpit, having 
been carved by the most distinguished artists, under the 
direction of one of the Popes, was shipped to the faithful 
in Carthagena. But before it reached its destination, the 
galleon was taken by pirates (that is, the navy of some 
other people) and the sacred pulpit ruthlessly thrown into 
the sea, Strange to relate, the marble obstinately refused 
to sink; so the superstitious pirates fled in terror, and the 
Spaniards again got the pulpit on board ship, although 
before reaching port the Spaniards were again attacked 
by yet other pirates and their galleon burned. The 
supernaturally -protected pulpit, however, refused to be 
swallowed up by the sea and calmly floated into the very 
harbor of Carthagena, where becoming embedded in the 
sand it lay unknown and neglected until discovered by a 
third band of spoliators, who shipped it for Spain. How- 
ever, Carthagena and not Spain was the destination of the 
pulpit; so that by the intervention of another shipwreck 
it was once more set free to fulfill its mission. This time 
it not only arrived in the harbor, but was discovered by 
the archbishop, who took upon himself the pious task of 
seeing the wanderer safely established in its proper domicile. 
After this extract from actual history, let none doubt the 
story of the escape from a shipwrecked vessel by the 
mariner who sailed ashore upon a grind-stone, and steered 
himself with a crow-bar; for this also can be found printed 
in a book. 



362 THE world's COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITION 



GUIANA. 

Guiana will, througli the British exhibit, bring into 
sharp contrast colonization among the Latin and Anglo- 
Saxon peoples. Guiana has, as a part of its unequaled 
scenery, cataracts which dwarf the Falls of Niagara. 
The Kamaiba is said by the great Schomburgh to precipi- 
tate its water from a height of nearly 1, 500 feet, and 
the falls on Parima River, in the Essequito, of Onoro, 
of Wamaru-Serika, as well as Raleigh Falls and Stanly 
Falls are impressive, even when seen through the medium 
of photography. The Pyramidal Rocks consist of masses 
of granite quite extraordinary in form. Ataraipu rises in 
the form of a cone to the height of 1, 300 feet; another 
suggests a petrified tree of fifty feet in height and of 
dimensions corresponding. The Mimosa Excelsa or Mira - 
tree is equal to the famous East Indian teak, and forests 
of it rise from 130 to 150 feet. Valuable trees, unknown 
even by name to us, are the Green -heart, the Suwarry, 
the Bully -tree, the Sirwabally, the Crab -wood, and the 
Purple-heart. Fruits of the guava, the marmalade, the 
pine -apple are supplemented by those of the anona, the 
sapodilla, and by Brazil nuts and Suwarrow nuts. To 
pharmaceutical supplies Guiana furnishes gentian and 
quassia, sugar, coffee, bananas, cassava; ! dye-woods and 
gum copal, rum and molasses, form Guiana's exports. 
Her fauna contains the jaguar, tapir, armadillo, agouti, 
ant-bear, sloth, various species of monkeys, alligators, 
turtles, parrots, humming-birds, the flamingo, the Mus- 
covy-duck, the toucan and the spoon-bill, vampire -bats, 
snakes without number, insect life, better calculated to 
delight the entomologist than to promote the comfort of 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 863 

the natives, and fish whose largest representative is the 
well-known silurus. Her flora has all the rich variety 
to be found in Sonth America; and the Victoria Eegis lily 
of our horticultural displays is in Guiana as common as 
the yellow pond-lilies of Kew England. It will be 
remembered that Guiana played no unimportant part 
during the period of American discovery, although it is 
still unsettled whether it was first visited by the great 
Christoi^her Columbus during his voyage of 1498, or by 
Vasco Nunez in 1500. 

Guiana was the scene of the daring exploits of such 
British buccaneers as Sir John Hawkins. 



PEEU 

is the Hesperides of the Spanish adventurers, as personified 
in Pizarro and Almagro; the scene of untold cruelty and 
the source of a revenue amounting to $1,000,000^000; 
the home of a civilization higher than any known 
before that of modern times. Peru has appropriated 
$100, 000 for The World's Columbian Exposition, and will 
instruct and delight the visitor. 

The Cordilleras, rising from 5,000 to 10,000 feet, run 
in double column through the country, creating three 
series of valleys; while as if to enter into competition with 
Ecuador, the Nevada de Chuquibamba rises 21,000 feet 
into the air. Here once was the famous temple of Cuzco, 
and the land is rich in memorials of the Spanish conquest 
and of the methods by which the Old World planted its 
civilization in the new. Doubtless, the recent donation of 



364 THE world's COLUMBIA]^' EXPOSITION 

$30, 000 to tlie Ethnological Department of The World's 
Columbian Exposition, accompanied as it was by the con- 
dition that it should be expended upon South American 
antiquities, and the celebrated collection of one of Peru's 
own citizens, will enable the display to have rare interest 
and value. Peru has almost bankrupted herself in build- 
ing railways, and her displays in the transportation build- 
ing T\dll have interest, alike for the railroad engineer and. 
for the curious sight-seer. 

The mines of Peru seem to be inexhaustible, and gold, 
silver, copper, lead, iron, quicksilver and coal abound, 
and will be exhibited. Peru exports metals, nitrate of 
soda, wool, chinchona-bark, sugar, cotton, chinchilla and 
hides; while the world-famed deposits of guano, while no 
longer the undisputed possession of Peru, continue to 
lend fertility to lands far remote. 

Peru has set aside $100, 000 for her proper representa- 
tion at The World's Columbian Exposition. 

ARCHITECTUEE. 

Modern Peru can exhibit the finest churches, convents, 
and monasteries in America. Here is still to be seen the 
palace of Pizarro and the famous building of the Inquisi- 
tion, whose ceiling was imported from Spain in 1560. Its 
college of St. Marcus was the first university ujDon 
American soil, dating back to 1535; its convent of the 
San Franciscans is celebrated for the exquisiteness of its 
tiling, and there is a nine -million -dollar cathedral, a me- 
morial of Pizarro, and in whose crypt reposes the body of 
the one who erected this costly sarcophagus. Between 
the years 1630 and 1854, the mines of Cerro del Pasca 
yielded twenty-seven thousand tons of pure silver, a metal 
which was too inferior to have great attraction for the 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 365 

^arly Spaniards. At Lima resides Ramondi, a distinguished 
French scientist and archaeologist, and it is to be hoped 
that his valuable museum will form part of the display at 
the Columbian Exposition. Peru, between its enthusiasm 
for industrial progress and its unfortunate wars with Chili, 
has suffered so greatly as at present to be, as it were, in 
distress; but even though it may have been overenterpris- 
ing, there is little doubt but that its future prosperity is 
assured. 

THE EA^IONDI-OROYA RAILWAY. 

Within its borders is found the Oroya Railroad, the 
work of the celebrated Meiggs, — Honest Harry, as he was 
at one time called in California, — and as an example of 
difficult and skillful engineering, it is without rival in the 
world. 



THE UNITED STATES OF COLUMBIA. 

Columbia has as departments, Antiognia, Bolivar, Boy- 
aca, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Panama, Santan- 
der, and Tolima. Gold and silver are mined profitably, 
and the exports consist of coffee, cinchona, earth-nuts, 
corn, silver ore, calac, dye-stuffs, cattle, and tobacco. 
The Columbian building at The World's Columbian Ex- 
position is to be built entirely of native materials ; so that 
the exhibit of woods and slates will serve a double pur- 
pose. 



20 



366 THE avorld's Columbia:^ exposition 



PARAGUAY. 

Paraguay raises 730,000 liead of sheep, 32,000 sheep, 
62,000 horses, 11,000 goats. The agricultural products 
consist of yerba, tobacco, maize, rice, wheat, mandioca and 
cotton. The exports consist of tobacco, yerba, or Para- 
guay tea, hides and skins. 



THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 



Great Britain's industries in iron and coal will insure 
interest to many an American producer, for in spite of 
her own resources America used for the year 1889, 
7,692,230 tons of English iron. Everyone knows Great 
Britain as a purchaser and manufacturer of American 
cotton; her purchases in 1889 amounted 1,937,462,240 
pounds, and in addition to this she imported 700,903,057 
pounds of wool. There are 2,538 factories of cotton, 
1,793 of wool, 125 of shoddy, 753 of worsted, 375 of 
flax, 375 of hemp, 116 of jute, 42 of hair, 24 of cocoanut 
fibre, 623 of silk, 403 of lace, 257 of hosiery and 54 of 
elastic; the number of spindles in use was 53,731,062, 
and 1,084,631 "hands" derive their living from the fac- 
tories. For 1890 the value of importations was about 
12,104,000,000; her exports consist of cotton yarn and 
fabrics, woolen yarn and fabrics, linen yarn and fabrics, 
jute yarn and fabrics, clothing, iron and iron manufac- 
tures, copper, machinery, coal and chemicals; and these 
interests will assuredly find representation at Chicago. 





', 



I 



fi 



m 




AKD CHICAGO GUIDE. 369 

European politics have, during the past thirty years, 
wrought such changes in geographical boundaries that 
the visitor to The World's Columbian Exposition may 
value recapitulation of the various dependencies to the 
great foreign nations. The British Empire, for example, 
includes besides England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, 
Gibraltar, Heligoland and Malta in Europe; in Asia, 
Aden; on the Arabian Coast, the Somali Protectorate, 
and the islands of Socotra and Kuria Muria (these Asi- 
atic possessions furnish coffee, gums, hides, skins, ostrich 
feathers, piece-goods and tobacco), the Bahrein Islands 
with their pearl fisheries and coffee. Ceylon, first known to 
the Portuguese in 1505, passed after three hundred years 
into the hands of the English and became a depot for 
the supply of rice, coffee, tea, cocoa-nuts, cinchona, 
tobacco, cinnamon and plumbago. JSText comes Cyprus, 
famous in history, and exporting raisins, cocoons, wines, 
wheat, barley, wool, carobs, wheat and flour; Hong Kong, 
wrested from China in 1841, is the trade-centre for opium, 
sugar, flour, salt, earthenware, oil, amber, cotton and 
cotton goods, sandal-wood, ivory, betel, vegetables, live- 
stock, granite and the silks of Japan and China. 

India in great part passed in 1858 under British rule. 
Baluchistan distinguished by its camel ranches, and 
exporting wool, hides, madder, dried fruit, bdellium, 
tobacco and dates; Sikkim, in the Himalayas, with its rice, 
Indian corn, millet, oranges, tea and forests; the Anda- 
man Islands; the Mcobar Islands; the Laccadive Islands, 
with their exports of cdrn; Kamaran Islands; Labuan, with 
its sago, wax, gutta-percha and India-rubber. 

North Borneo produces tobacco, timber, sago, rice, 
gums, coffee, pepper, gambler, gutta-percha, fapioca, 
sweet potatoes, coal, gold, birds'-nests, cocoanuts, rattan, 



370 THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

seed-pearls, and timber: Singapore, Penang, and Ma- 
lacca, which export tin, sugar, pepper, nutmegs, maize, 
sago, tapioca, rice, buffalo hides and horns, rattans, 
gatta, India-rubber, gambler, gum, coffee, dyestuffs, and 
tobacco. 

In Africa there is Ascension Island, famous for its tur- 
tle-fishing ; Basutoland, near Cape Colony, producing 
wool, wheat, mealies, and Kaffir -corn; Bechuanaland ex- 
porting maize, wool, hides, cattle, and wood ; British 
East Africa exporting cloves, sesame -seed, ivory, gum, 
copra, coir, orchella-wood, wool, and hides ; British 
Zambezia and iNTyassaland, Cape Colony, exporting wool, 
ostrich feathers, hides and skins, copper ore, hair, wine, 
grain, and diamonds ; Mauritius which exports sugar, 
rum, vanilla, alve fibre, and cocoanut oil ; Natal, which 
furnishes arrowroot, angora -hair, hides, skins, sugar, 
wool, maize, rum, and gold ; the Niger District, em- 
bracing Sokoto with its butter - trees, dosia, dates, 
honey, cotton, and leatherwear ; the Oil Rivers Dis- 
trict, exporting palm-oil, palm-kernels, India-rubber, 
ivory, ebony, indigo, gums, barwood, hides and cocoa ; 
St. Helena, with its whale-fishery ; Tristan D'Acunba ; 
the Gold Coast, exporting palm-oil and palm-kernels. 
India-rubber, and gold; Lagos, with its palm-oil, palm- 
kernels, ivory, gum-copal, and cotton; Gambia, ex- 
porting ground-nuts, hides, beeswax, rice, .cotton, corn, 
and India-rubber; Sierra Leone, producing palm-oil, palm- 
kernels, benni-seed, ground-nuts, kola-nuts, India-rubber, 
copal, hides, and gold and silver work. Zanzibar, 
which exports ivory, caoutchouc skins, sesame-seed, 
cloves, and orchilla; and Ztiluland rendered famous 
by its 'troubles with the mother country, and by the 
new article introduced by Gladstone into the political 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 37l 

creeds of civilized nations; Zululand, exporting cattle and 
maize. 

In the New World, Great Britain controls the govern- 
ment of the Bermudas, whose exports amount to 11,363,- 
015; Canada, the Falkland Islands with their sheep farms; 
British Guinea exporting sugar, rum, molasses, timber, 
and gold. British Honduras, which has its wealth in 
mahogany, logwood, fruit and sugar. Newfoundland and 
Labrador, with their fish, fish-oils, seal-skins and copper 
ore; the West Indian group, comprising the Bahamas (New 
Providence, Abaco, Harbor Island, Great Bahama, St. 
Salvador, Long Island, Mayagnana, Elentheia, Great 
Inagua and Andros Island), w^hich furnish for export 
sponges, pine-apples, oranges and fibre; the Barbados, 
with its sugar and fisheries. Jamaica (with its annexes 
of Turk's Island, Caicos Island, the Cayman Islands, 
Morant Cays and Pedro Cays), having sugar-cane, coffee, 
corn, cocoa, Guinea -grass and salt -raking; the Leeward 
Islands (Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda, Virgin Islands, 
Dominico, St.Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla and Montserrat), j)ro- 
ducing sugar, molasses, lime-juice, cattle, pines, phosphates, 
salts, cotton, cocoa, timber. Trinidad and Tobago, with 
sugar-cane, cocoa, coffee, cocoanuts, and strange lake of 
pitch; the Windward Islands (Grenada, St. Vincent, the 
Grenadines and St. Lucia), with their supplies of sugar, 
rum, cocoa, spices, arrow-root, timber, log wood and 
cotton. 

Then there are Australasia and Oceania, comprising 
Fip, whose resources include bananas, coffee, cocoanuts, 
maize, sugar, tobacco and pineapples; New Guinea, which 
has valuable timber, cocoanuts, sago, figs, spices and gold. 
New South Wales, whose agricultural products embrace 
wheat, maize, barley, oats, potatoes, grasses and tobacco, 



372 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

while it abounds in oranges, and has large pastural and 
timber interests, whose mines include gold, silver, lead, 
copper, tin and coal, and which exports wool, tin, copper, 
tallow and leather; New Zealand, which exports wool, 
gold, grain, meats, gums, tallow, timber, hides, skins, 
leather, live-stock, butter and cheese, and grass -seed; 
Queensland, with its exports of gold, wool, sugar, hides 
and skins, tin, and meats; South Australia, which sends 
abroad wool, wheat, flour and copper ore; Tasmania, 
whose exports consist of wool, gold, tin, timber, fruit, 
jams, hops, grain, hides, skins and bark; Victoria, whose 
crops include wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and hay, and 
whose mines yield $12,296,780, and whose manufactures 
employ a capital of $78,969,050* and Western Australia, 
which exports wool and shells. 



CANADA. 

North of our grand republic. Prince Edward's Island, 
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, 
British Columbia, with its waters beautiful and pictur- 
esque, unite to form a federal government, the Dominion of 
Canada. In the matter of communications this country is 
unrivalled; the St. Lawrence with its lakes puts it in con- 
nection with the commercial sections of the United States 
and with the open ocean. Art has lent a helping hand in 
navigation. Lake St. Peter has been deepened, and sea- 
going vessels have been admitted into Lake Ontario. The 
Welland Canal lifts the maritime navio^ation around the 
falls of Niagara into Lake Erie, opens a direct water 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 373 

oommunication through the ' ' Great Lakes " with the ' ' Far 
West." Besides this great water system, Canada has a 
net -work of railways. The Grand Trunk Line, one of 
the longest lines in the world owned by any one company, 
and under one management, offers direct communication 
from Portland to Lake Huron and Detroit. 

The western extremity of Ontario rises to the bold and 
picturesque shores of Lake Superior. Here iron, silver- 
bearing copper ores, copper, zinc, lead, granite, slate and 
the most beautiful marble of every conceivable color, are 
found in great abundance; gold and silver in limited quan- 
tities. In Thunder Bay, Silver Islet contains one of the 
richest veins of the metal ever discovered. To the West 
extends Manitoba, with its calcareous, dry, and friable 
soil so favorable to the raising of wheat as to cause this 
district to be one of the richest wheat markets in North 
America. 

The climate of the Northwest and of British Columbia 
undergoes a remarkable amelioration. The mineral wealth 
of Canada for 1889 is rated at $16,500,000. 

$1,098,610 of gold was mined in British Columbia, and 
Nova Scotia, and other small places in Canada in 
1888. Nova Scotia furnishes excellent bituminous coal, 
while Southwest Ontario supplies gypsum, rock-salt, 
marls, albertile-rock, phosphate -rock, meat, oil -shales 
and petroleum. 

Settlers and immigrants gather to the Southeastern pro- 
vinces and Quebec. The forests of Canada number from 
fifty to sixty different kinds of trees, among which firs, 
white pine, sugar and ash, maples and black walnut are 
the most common. The trees on the Pacific slope are 
almost entirely unknown to the Atlantic slope. 4, 081,439 
cubic feet of timber was exported in 1888. 



374 THE world's Columbian exposition 

Tlie fisheries — a cause of much contention between tlie 
United States and Canada, and still an unsettled question 
— amounted to 117,055,256 in the year 1888. Nova 
Scotia, with a coast-line of 1,000 miles, abounding in cod, 
herring, mackerel, salmon, trout, halibut and other valua- 
ble species of fish. In tonnage of shipping she excells 
all other countries except Great Britain and the United 
States, The great fur trade has its seat in the north, 
where the black, white and grizzly bear and deer, buffalo, 
musk-ox and antelope are found in numbers, roaming over 
the barren plains, and in the waters the beaver, muskrat, 
sale -fisher, minx, ermine, seal, otter and others are found. 
The sea-otter and fur-seal are taken, though sparingly, on 
the Pacific coast. Whales abound in Hudson Bay and the 
Arctic Ocean. The St. Lawrence holds in its waters the 
white whale. 

The ornithology of the Dominion is great. The soil 
of the valleys of Nova. Scotia, Manitoba and Prince Ed- 
ward's Island is rich and fertile, producing all the fruits 
of the temperate climates. The principal agricultural 
products are hay, wheat, barley, buckwheat, oats, rye, 
Indian corn, potatoes and turnips. 

The manufacturing industry is confined to those pro- 
vinces long settled. The sawing of lumber and manu- 
facturing of potash, flour, leather, oils, fertilizers, paper 
machinery, woolen and cotton goods, are important inter- 
ests. Ship -building is carried on in N^ova Scotia and New 
Brunswick. With imports $115,234,931, exports valued 
at $89,189,167, and resources from the products of fish- 
eries, the mines, the forests, the agricultural districts and 
the regions of fur -bearing animals, Canada can, and no 
doubt will, send a varied, interesting and novel represen- 
tation to the AVorld's Columbian Exposition. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 375 

ISTova Scotia has already prepared a collection of Indian 
curiosities, and the Antigone Mountain aborigines will for 
a brief moment live again as we look upon their indus- 
tries as exhibited in wigwam, hatchet, spear, moccasins, 
and head-dresses, as well as in their highly ornamented 
fans. 



IM)IANS AT THE EXPOSITION. 

In this connection it seems proper to call attention to 
the fact that among other objects of interest at Chicago 
will be a congress of the Indian Tribes, so that while the 
ethnologist is supplying any defects of knowledge, the 
lover of past civilizations may illustrate his readings in 
Cooper's novels or illuminate the information which has 
been furnished him through the newspapers in regard to 
General Custer or General Miles. It will probably be of 
interest to have a brief chronology of the leading battles 
with the Indians : 

1676. King Phillip's War. 

1704. Burning of Deerfield. 

1708. Burning of Havrehill. 

1713. Expulsion from N. Carolina of the Tukaroras. 

1755. Braddock defeated 

1763. Conspiracy of Pontiac. 

1718. Wyoming Massacre. 

1794. Treaty with the Six Nations. 

1804. Treaty with the Delawares. 

1811. Gen. Harrison defeats the Indians. 

1813-1814. War with the Creeks in Florida. 



376 THE AVORLd's COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITION 

1818. War with the Seminoles. 

1832. Black Hawk AYar. 

1835-1842. War iu Florida with the Seminoles. 

1856. War in Oregon and Washington. 

1862. Minnesota Massacre. 

1864. Chivington Massacre. 

1873. Modoc Massacre. 

1876. Sioux War. 

1885. Arizona Massacre. 

The War Department has arranged for the presence of 
representatives from the Sioux, the Navajas, the Mokis, 
and the Zunis. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



Austria-Hungary (Austria, including Salzburg, Steier- 
mark or Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Gorz and Gradiska, 
Istria, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Bohemia, Moravia, Silicia, 
Galicia, Bukowina, Dalmatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina), 
raises wheat, barley, oats, rye, pulse, buckwheat, maize, 
sugar-beets, vines, tobacco, hemp, and rope. Its forests 
admit of a large export trade in timber ; its mining, smelt- 
ing and salt-Avorks employ nearly 125,000 persons; its 
resources include iron, silver, copper, quicksilver, lead, 
zinc, sulphur, manganese, alum, graphite, petroleum, 
ozokesit, and salt; its fisheries engage a fleet of 5,458 
vessels ; it employs in its factories 2,946,068 persons and 
produces glass-ware, woolen fabrics, cotton goods, beer 
and brandy. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 377 



CHINA. 

China produces rice, wheat, barley, beans, peas, sugar- 
cane, indigo, cotton, cassia, tobacco, peanuts, tea and 
silk. Its fisheries are considerable ; it is specially success- 
ful in the matter of apiaries, aquaria, and pottery. Herds 
of buffalo, the yak, cattle, sheep, camels, swine, are the 
interest of cattle -farmers, while the wolf, panther, fox 
and badger represent the possible contributions to the 
zoological collection of the World's Columbian Exposition. 
It may be remarked, in passing, that the rats which are 
regarded by the Chinese as edible are by no means the 
creatures so unfriendly to us. Horticultural Hall should 
receive much of value from China, for her citizens are 
specially skilled in all kinds of gardening. 

Man -power is the chief means of transportation, for the 
Chinese have solved the question of over-population quite 
differently from Malthus, 

Mr. Gray, in his charming volumes upon China, gives 
the following information : 

Restaurants, hotels, tea-saloons, and soup-stalls are 
everywhere numerous throughout the empire. The res- 
taurants are generally very large establishments, consist- 
ing of a public dining-room and several private rooms. 
Unlike most other buildings, they consist of two or three 
stories. The kitchen alone occupies the ground floor; the 
public hall, which is the resort of persons in the humble 
walks of life, is on the first floor, and the more select 
apartments are on the second and third floors. These 
are, of course, resorted by the wealthier citizens, but they 
are open to persons in all classes of society, and it is not 
unusual to see in them persons of limited means. At the 



378 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOIT 

entrance door there is a table or counter at which the pro- 
prietor sits, and where each customer on leaving pays for 
his repast. The public room is immediately at the head 
of the first staircase, and is resorted to by all who require 
a cheap meal. It is furnished, like a cafe, with tables 
and chairs, a private room having only one table and a 
few chairs in it. On the walls of all the apartments are 
placards, by which the guests are admonished to not lose 
sight of their umbrellas, fans, articles of wearing apparel, 
etc. , and assured that the proprietor does not hold him- 
self responsible in case of loss. 

It has been maintained by some writers that the Chinese 
were the inventors of chain suspension -bridges. In the 
Wonders of the AVorld in Nature, Art and Mind, pub- 
lished by Walker in New York in 1850, we are told that 
there is a famous bridge of this kind on the road to Yun- 
nan, in the province of Kwei-chow. It is thrown over a 
rapid torrent between two lofty mountains, and was con- 
structed by a Chinese general in the year 35 of the Chris- 
tian era. At each end of the rocky mountain a gate has 
been erected between two stone pillars, 6 or 7 feet high 
by 17 or 18 feet wide. Between these pillars four chains 
are suspended by large rings, and united transversly by 
smaller chains. Over these chains is a flooring of planks 
of timber, which are renewed as often as they become de- 
cayed. Other chain-bridges have been constructed in 
China in imitation of this, but none of them are either sa 
large or have been so durable. Nor are the Chinese 
strangers to pontoons or bridges of boats. There is a 
bridge of this kind across the river at Ning-po, in the 
province of Chit-kong; and another, on a very small scale, 
across the grand canal at Tsei-tsin. The largest of the 
kind, however, with which I am acquainted, is one across 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 381 

the northeru brancli of the Canton river. It almost rivals 
those, which for military purposes, Darius threw across 
the Bosphorus and the Danube ; or that famous bridge 
which the impulsive Xerxes, on the occasion of his disas- 
trous expedition to Europe, threw across the Hellespont. 

As the farmers are very industrious they become great 
adepts at reclaiming land, and all along the banks of the 
rivers, travelers may find fruits of their industry. They 
turn the slopes of the hills to account, and in the absence 
of natural levels, form artificial terraces, preventing the 
earth from being lashed by the former and later rains. 
It is intended by this arrangement a sufficient supply of 
water should be retained for the irrigation of the crops. 
Such cultivated terraces are numerous in the villages, in 
the rear of Whampow and in the neighborhood of Fow- 
chow. 

With the view of superintending farmers and agricul- 
tural laborers in their operations, an agricultural board 
is established in very nearly every village throughout the 
country. This board is presided over by three or four 
aged agriculturists, upon whom the eighth degree of rank 
is conferred. This board insists upon each farmer culti- 
vating his lands to the fullest extent, and sowing, and 
reaping in due season. A farmer who is negligent in 
these respects is taken, at the suggestion of the board, into 
the presence of the magistrate to receive a flogging. The 
number of stripes is in proportion to the amount of land , 
he has left uncultivated. Nor is the law confined to 
renters. There is a law that enjoins all landed proprie- 
tors to see that their estates are kept in a high cultivation, 
and the penalty inflicted for a breach of this law is an 
entire confiscation of the neglected property to the crown. 
Farming in China and Great Britan involve very different 



382 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

outlays. In Great Britan it is impossible for a man with- 
out capital to enter upon a farm. In many of the prov- 
inces of China, the reverse is the case, as a Chinese farm — 
I speak more particularly now of the South of China — is 
without stock. The government authorities frequently 
receive petitions from poor farmers asking to be appointed 
farmers of public lands, as the government sometimes 
ap23oints men acquainted with husbandry to farm its 
estates. Like their masters, the agricultural laborers are 
very industrious. As in some parts of England, women 
are employed as well as men. The lands in China are all 
freehold, that is, held by families under the sovereign on 
the payment of a certain annual tax. The taxes are regu- 
larly paid to district rulers, who generally go on a circuit 
through their respective districts. The land-owners receive 
receipts which they carefully preserve, as they have to 
produce them when called for the current taxes next year. 
Without them they would most assuredly be called upon 
to pay taxes again. Should the crops be destroyed either 
by inundation or insects, the land-tax, is not according 
to law, to be exacted. The inquisitous Mandarins, how- 
ever, in want of money, too often disregard this law. In 
the 25th year of the reign of the Emperor Taou-kwang, a 
gentleman named Wong, Kap-Sze-Chung, incensed against 
the mandarins of Canton for exacting taxes from the farmers 
whose crops had been destroyed in an inundation, memo- 
rialized the Emperor, who immediately issued an imperial 
decree against the practice. When the farmers have been 
dej^rived of their crops by the inundation, the representa- 
tives of all provincial governments are authorized to 
advance them money to buy fresh seed. They must 
repay the sum advanced on or before the expiration of a 
period of ten years. The lands and houses in each dis- 



AIN-D CHICAGO GUIDE. 383 

trict are carefully registered at the office of the district 
ruler, and no sale can be effected without his cognizance. 

The agricultural implements which are in use among 
the Chinese, include the ordinary kinds and are very 
simple. They consist of the plow, harrow, spade, hoe, 
flail, reaping-hook, winnowing -machine and various appli- 
ances in connection with irrigation. The plow consists 
of a beam -handle and share with a wooden stem, and a 
rest behind instead of a moulding board. It is, I think, 
altogether similar to the plow which is in general use 
throughout Asia Minor and Palestine. With such an 
implement it is impossible for the farmers to plow their 
lands to any great depth, and were they to make use of a 
sob-soil plow, their crops would be much more abundant. 
A change like this is not the simple matter which it may 
perhaps seem to the reader, for it would be more neces- 
sary to use more beasts of draught. The Chinese plow 
is so light that the ploughman, on his return from his 
labors at the close of the day, often carries it on his 
shoulders; and among the aborigines a farmer may some- 
times be seen guiding a plow to which his wife is yoked. 
Instead of the plow, a large wooden hoe tipped with iron 
is sometimes used by small farmers for breaking up their 
fallows, its use doing away with the expense of a yoke of 
oxen. In the cultivation of the hill lands, which, when 
formed into terraces, yield a considerably return of grain^ 
the hoe is invariably used by all classes of farmers. The 
harrow used in the cultivation of rice lands, is provided 
with three rows of iron teeth, above which there is a 
handle by which the laborer holds the implement and 
presses it into the earth. That used in the central and 
northern provinces of China, where wheat, barley and 
millet and the principal products is very similar to the har- 



384 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

VOW used in England, only not so large. China raises 
wheat, barley, maize, millet, rice, sugar, opium, tea and 
silk. It has mines of coal, iron and copper. It exports 
tea, silk, sugar, straw-braid, hides, paper, clothing, china- 
ware and pottery. 



FRAXCE AND DEPENDENCIES. 

In Liberty Enlightening The World, the popular and 
influential republic of France will join the United States 
in welcoming every foreigner entering the New York 
Harbor to a happy sojourn at the World's Columbian 
Exposition. With a coast-line of 132 miles, an area of 
202,579 square miles, mountains in the south, west and 
east, cool breezes from the north and balmy spring 
zephyrs from the Mediterranean sea — with all these ad- 
vantages, France will not fail to be well represented in 
1893. In the Southern part of France the olive is culti- 
vated, together with the orange, lemon, postachio and 
caper; the apple, pear, plum and maize, hemp, madder, 
saffron, hops and tobacco belong to a more northern 
district. Along the Bay of Biscay the sea -pines flourish. 
The oak and elm trees form an extensive, valuable and 
imposing forestry in the western plateau. From this 
department our great Exposition might expect an exhibi- 
tion of the various implements; species of the birds and 
of the fine breed of horses found on the plains, with an 
arboretum of 200 varieties of resinous trees. From the pic- 
turesque vine -clad mountains of the south of France comes 
world renowned champagne, Burgundy and Bordeaux, 



AT^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 385 

while the northern products furnish the cider and perry. 
Altogether an agricultural rather than a manufacturing 
country, France has no compeer in articles calling for 
taste, ingenuity and delicate manipulation. To Lyons, 
Paris and Tours one looks for the choicest manufactures 
of silks, laces and jewelry. Beauty of material, purity 
of design, elegance of form and rich ornamentation of 
the products of the establishments at Limoges, Sevres and 
Bayeux have satisfied the lovers of china and glass-ware, 
and powerfully stimulated and promoted the ceramic in- 
dustry in France. 

For quality and character of work, technical accur^icy 
and poetic feeling France is worthy of great praise. 
From the art atmosphere we look forward to a display 
that will rival that on the walls on the department of 
arts in painting, sculpture, bas-reliefs, architectural de- 
signs and engravings. The manufactures of steel and 
iron and the products produced from these metals, France 
has been successful beyond expectation. Beds of coal 
abound, and the mountains generally have a neuclus of 
granite. Lead is one of the chief minerals; manganese, 
copper, tin, marble and potter's clay also abound. 

France will, no doubt, make an exhibition worthy of a 
great republic, not only in departments of fine arts, but 
even in those of industry, commerce, machinery, manu- 
facturing, natural products and mechanical arts. 

France has voted $400. 000 for her display at the 

AYorld's Columbian Exposition. Algeria raises wheat, 

barley, oats, wines, olives, tobacco, cattle, sheep and 

goats. Its iron mines yield 437, 643 tons, and silver, 

copper, lead, zinc, and mercury are found. It exports 

consist of esparto and other paper-making fibres, iron ore, 

barley, copper and lead. 
21 



386 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

Madagascar has gold, copper, iron, lead, sulphur, graph- 
ite and lignite; it breeds cattle; it raises rice, sugar, coffee 
and sweet potatoes; its forests have great value; its industries 
include silk and cotton -weaving, roiia-palm, fabrics, and 
metal work. 

From Reunion France derives sugar-cane, coffee, ma- 
nilla, spices, beans, maize, rice, wheat and cattle. 

From Senegambia or Senegal, Du Sud and the Sudan 
she receives gum, groundnuts, india-rubber, skins and val- 
uable woods. 

Tunis supplies for export wheat, barley, wines, live 
stocl^, alfa, olive-oil, tan, wool and woolen goods, and 
sponges. 

Guadeloupe has sugar, coffee, cocoa, vanilla, spices, 
manioc, bananas, sweet potatoes, rice, Indian corn, vege- 
tables, cotton, tobacco, ramie-fibre, India-rubber and the 
woods from her rich forests. 

Martinique has sugar, manioc, sweet potatoes, bananas, 
coffee, cocoa, tobacco. 

From St. Pierre and Miquelin France receives large sup- 
plies of codfish and of cod -liver oil. 

New Caledonia and its dependencies supply coal, ore, 
nickel, chrome, cobalt, wheat, maize, pine -apples, coffee, 
sugar, cocoanuts, cotton, manioc, vanilla and the products 
of the vine. 

Tahiti has copra, cotton, sugar, coffee, pearls and 
shells. 

Indo- China embraces Annam with its resources of seeds, 
tobacco, cinnamon, cotton, coffee, sugar and tea; Cambo- 
dia with its betel, rice, indigo, tobacco, sugar, silk, fish 
and cardemums ; and Tonquin, which raises rice, sugar, 
silk, cotton, fruit, tobacco, pepper, oils, copper and iron. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE, 387 



THE GERMAN EMPIRE AND DEPENDENCIES. 

Germany, althougli una.ble to participate in tlie early 
explorations of this continent, has played no unimportant 
part in the history of the United States. The following 
brief statement of the German record in America will 
make it evident that the individual service rendered dur- 
ing the American Revolution was but an earnest of the 
ready response of the German- American population when- 
ever the liberty which they so dearly prize is at all threat- 
ened. A forcible and just statement of some of the 
equitable claims of the German- American has been made 
by Colonel R. J. Rombauer : 

It goes without saying that our fellow citizens of Ger- 
man extraction will be well represented at the World's 
Columbian Exposition. In the course of generations a 
large number of Germans have been absorbed by the 
American nation ; their traits are clearly discernible in 
our people to-day ; they have contributed largely to 
forming the cosmopolitan character of the American, 
which now in its transition phase assumes a continental 
character. All large nations have formed by accretion, 
accumulation, absorption, and development, adopting the 
good features of the constituting elements, and in doing 
so, elevating the whole to a higher plane of progress. 

The distinctive features of different nationalities are not 
lost at once. Like the waters of the Missouri and Missis- 
sippi, they flow for miles and miles before forming one 
homogeneous stream, which unites the qualities of both. 

The isolated continental position of America admitted 
the formation of a nation ahnost without conquest. The 



388 THE ^V0KLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

spirit of civil and religious liberty, wliich the first settlers 
planted upon this soil, has borne golden fruits, by attract- 
ing congenial elements through immigration. 

Saving the period of the first settlement, this was at no 
time more apparent than after the political waves of 1830 
and of 1848. The dissatisfied European, failing to shake 
off the oppression which centuries of feudal and hie- 
rarchial organization had saddled uj)on him, sought refuge 
for his ideas and their free development under the banner 
of the Stars and Stripes. Especially strong was this 
movement from Germany, and a great many of her polit- 
ically most advanced sons came over to the Union and 
settled on the banks of the Mississippi, the shores of Lake 
Michigan and on the prairies of the West. They brought 
with them the finest traits of the Father -land ; a manly 
adherence to conviction, patient perseverence, frugality, a 
strong sense for system, collective organization^ social 
amusement and an unswerving devotion to public educa- 
tion. 

It was not long before they paid their debt of gratitude 
to their individually strongly developed American host, 
who had welcomed them to these hospitable shores. In 
the hour of this nation's great trial the most systematic 
and effective organizations were formed by these adopted 
citizens. In a few days St. Louis alone raised the regi- 
ments and a number of batteries, chiefly Germans. Cin- 
cinnati, Chicago, and Milwaukee rivalled this example. 

The Turn-Vereins were almost everywhere the centres of 
this first movement as they are at present the leaders in 
the cause of physical development and recreative social 
amusement. 

A numerous and vigorous representative press animates 
the American German in his exertions and keeps up a 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 389 

useful mental communion with Europe. It reflects the 
rays of the great American example on the other side of 
the ocean. Thousands of industrial enterprises, some 
with a deserved world-wide fame, bear evidence of the 
thrift of the Teutons. Who can doubt that they can 
speak for themselves in the Great Columbian World's 
Exposition in Chicago. 

Germany has made an appropriation of a quarter of a 
million dollars for her national display and applied for 
nine acres for the erection of her buildings. 

Prussia raises wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, hay; 
manufactures beet-root sugar and beer; mines coal, iron, 
lignite, zinc, copper and lead, 

Bavaria adds to the cereals vines and tobacco, mining 
products and brewing. 

Wiirtemberg cultivates wheat, rye, barley, oats, vines, 
breweries and works mines. 

Saxony, in addition to agriculture, manufactures textile 
fabrics, machinery and tools, stone and earthen ware, 
paper and leather; its distilleries, likewise, are an import- 
ant interest. 

Baden adds to the cereals, the cultivation of pulse, 
tobacco, hemp, hops and chicory. It manufactures silk 
ribbons, felt and straw hats, brushes, leather, paper, card- 
board, clocks, musical instruments, machinery, chemicals 
and cigars. 

Hesse produces minerals to the amount of $429,700. 

Brunswick, like Hesse, has a considerable mineral out- 
put, amounting to $694,000. 

Hamburg is the German New York, and serves as the 
great seaport of the empire, being inferior to Bremen 
only. 

Bremen's commerce may be inferred "from its having 



390 THE avorld's colijmbiax exposition 

imports amounting to 1221,180,879, and exports of the 
value of $209,498,717. 

Alsace-Lorraine is known to the reader throuoii the 
Franco -Prussian war. It is rich in cereals, and in tobocco 
and vineyards, and it manufactures cotton as well as mines 
for minerals. 

From Togoland Germany can draw maize, yams, pota- 
toes, tapioca, ginger, bananas, cocoa, ivory, oil palms, 
caoutchouc, and dye-woods. 

The Cameroons produce cocoa, tobacco, ivory, palm- 
oil, dye-woods, maize, yams, tapioca, bananas and ginger. 

East Africa supplies ivory, copal caoutchouc and 
sesame. 

Southwest Africa, hardly as yet developed, yields 
copper. 

From the Western Pacific Islands come areca, sago, 
bamboo, ebony, tobacco, live-stock, copra, cocoanut fibre, 
sandal -w^ood, tortoise-shell. 

The German Empire possesses 34,347,000 acres of for- 
ests, prod aces coal, lignite, iron, zinc, lead, copper, rock- 
salt, potassic-salf, silver, tin, sulphur, sulphuric acid, 
gold, nickel, bismuth, vitriol, chemicals. It manufactures 
machinery and instruments, textile fabrics, paper, leather, 
india-rubber, woodenware, beer, wines, and refined sugars. 
In all that constitutes the civilization of the period Ger- 
many holds high rank, and those interested in literature, 
music, art, science, mechanism, of social questions, already 
recognize their obligations to the Germans, and expect to 
have these increased by the displays and congresses at the 
World's Columbian Exposition. 

But Germany in human history is best represented by 
Martin Luther, so reverenced by Protestants, so that as a 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 391 

fitting tribute we add a poem in honor of tlie great 
reformer : 

THE MONK THAT SHOOK THE WORLD. 

Raise up the grandest monument the world has ever shown, 

To the peerless Martin Luther, whose name we proudly own; 

To the grand old German hero let the banner be unfurled. 

To the leader of enfranchised thought, the monk that shook the world ! 

There was a home of poverty in a little German town, 

Where old Hans Luther raised his boy with scourge and checking frown; 

And yet it was, in after years, a home of which the son 

With love sincere and gratitude reaped fruit of what was done. 

O! happy German homestead, wherein young Luther dwelt; 
For his father at his bedside in the evening often knelt. 
And o'er the sleeping child to God would most devoutly pray 
That He his footsteps e'er would guide in wisdom's shining way. 

Mansfeld, Magdeburg and Eisenach their glowing tribute pay, 
While good old Herr Trebonius takes off his hat to say, 
" Here may, perchance, be rulers, or men of wondrous fame." 
But had he guessed the influence of good old Luther's name. 

The Fatherland his presence feels — her own great "Father" comes, — 
His watchword, " God Our Refuge," re-echoes through her homes. 
From north to south, from east to west, his earnest words are hurled! 
O! what a glorious hour for the monk that shook the world. 

What cared the sluggish Leo in the Papal chair at Rome, 
That Tetzel sold indulgences to guild St. Peter's dome ? 
If mid the general ruin wrought he might be found to thrive, 
And, so, the shameless prior stood, all human souls to shrive. 

But there arose the genius of Luther's wondrous mind. 
Than he, none other did possess, more gifts and courage kind; 
His spirit, will, and character into the world were hurled, 
So he became the Iron Monk, the monk that shook the world. 

Against the foul disorder his mighty soul did strive, 
When he nailed upon the castle church, his thesis ninety-five. 
The ringing of the hammer's strokes found echoes in many lives, 
As ten thousand times ten thousand brake off the Papal gyves. 

And Romish thunders gathered thick, their bolts of wrath were full 
When Luther hurled the gauntlet back and burned, the papal bull, 
Defying Satan's minions he bides the Emperor's terms, 
And with a brave and trustful heart he turns his face toward Worms. 

Then Freedom felt her pulse beat high in that eventful day , 
When in that famous diet he dared to bravely say: 
"Recant I will, if proved wrong by methods Scriptural; 
Hierstehich! Anders kann ich nicht! Gott hilfe mir! Amen!" 



8 9 '2 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



The old TliLiringian Wartburg— how it tried his mighty soul! 
"Was this, of all his conflicts sore, the recompense, the goal ? 
But in the irksome Patmos the still small voice he heard 
And there began for fellow-man to write God's holy word. 

Hail, many-sided hero, so liberal and so kind, 
The volumes of thy table-talk attest thy well-stored mind. 
Thy Bible, in its fullness, strength, tenderness and power, 
Eemains the German Fatherland's richest and purest dower. 

Ho! Emser, Eck, Erasmus, Miltitz and Cajetan, 
More feared ye the pen of Luther, than he the papal ban. 
Eemonstrances and entreaty like autumn leaves where whirled 
When he arose, defending truth, the Monk that shook the world. 

He was the greatest hero who followed the Apostle Paul, 

And the mantle of that chosen one upon him seemed to fall. 

Eeligion and all progress still reveal his influence grand 

In moulding thought, and showing all things 'neath God's guiding hand. 

Then raise the grandest monument the world has ever shown, 
To the peerless Martin Luther, whose name we proudly own. 
To the grand old German hero, let the banner be unfurled! 
To the leader of enfranchised thought, the Monk that shook the world! 

—[Key. George C. Hexry. 



GKEECE. 

Greece lias much of interest to show the world, whose 
daily life bears witness to its obligations to her past, but 
it is to be presumed that persons in general are less fam- 
iliar with modern Greece. She exports live stock, fish, 
cereals, oil, timber, mineral products, chemicals, textile 
fabrics, metal goods, confectionery, millinery, pottery, 
glassware, hides, skins, woolen goods, wines and spirits. 
Possibly the best preparation for an acquaintance with 
modern Greece is an acquaintance with the exhilarating 
descriptions to be found in the work called Hellas, whose 
author is Denton J. Snider. 



AIMD CHICAGO GUIDE. 393 



HAYTI. 

Exhibits from Hayti are of interest not only in them- 
selves, but also because during his first voyage Christopher 
Columbus discovered the island, December 5, 1492. Un- 
der the name of Hispaniola the island is likely to become 
more than popularly known, for it was the scene of so 
much Columbiana as to play no small part in the celebra- 
tion of any anniversary connected with his name. The 
natives, as is doubtless known to every reader, were 
speedily exterminated by the Spaniards, the great Chris- 
topher himself endeavoring to redeem his promises of 
wealth for Spain by enslaving the aborigines and seeking 
to make his remittances by drafts of human beings. It 
was here that Columbus was deposed, that the fleet of 
Bovadilla was wrecked and that much of Spanish history 
in America found its location. It was here that piracy 
became such a fine art as to originate the familiar word 
buccaneer. Hayti exports coffee, cocoa, mahogany, log- 
wood and cotton. Hayti cannot but create interest in her 
memorial of the great Admiral. 



ITALY AND DEPENDENCIES. 

Italy is also to have a Columbian Exposition, so that 
she should be able to greatly enrich the display at Chi- 
cago. Italy, as the successor of Rome in the modern 
civilization, has held quite as extended a sway, for it 
would be impossible to write the history of any country 



394 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

without takins: account of the Italian influence. To be 
sm^e Portugal changed the routes of trade and made her 
own ports and those of Spain the maritime emporiums ; 
but the Italian influence is felt in every movement down 
to the time when the United States had become a nation. 
While doubtless Dante is the Italian Milton, her literature 
includes many a more grateful writer and her schools 
have turned out every description of ability, the latest 
manifestation being the philosopher, Rosmini, or the 
Columbian biographer and commentator, Tarducci whose 
work translated into English can be purchased in Michi- 
gan. The farm products consist of wheat, barley, oats, 
maize, pulse, rice, rye, flax, hemp, potatoes, chestnuts, 
olive -oil, wine, tobacco, and fruits, and silk cocoons. Her 
silk factories are celebrated, and her forestry is extensive. 
In her fisheries she employs 20, 000 vessels, and 60, 000 
fishermen. Her mines yield iron, copper, manganese, 
zinc, lead, silver, gold, antimony, mercury, iron pyrites, 
mineral, fuel, sulphur, salt, graphite, boric acid, marble, 

Abyssinia and Shoa export skins, ivory, butter, gums, 
mules, and timber. 

In another place Italy's possessions in the matter of 
the Fine Arts has been adequately set forth by a great 
English poet. The determination to hold as one of the 
World's Columbian Exposition Congresses a session of 
the Roman Catholic hierarchy indicates another direction 
of Italy's intellectual power. Possibly the reader can 
best put himself in relation with Italian life by reading 
George S. Hillard's Six Month 's in Italy. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 395 



MEXICO ANB HEE EXHIBIT.^ 

The people of Mexico are manifesting great interest in 
Tlie World's Columbian Exposition as the elate of open- 
ing draws near. The indications are that Mexico will 
furnish an exceedingly attractive exhibit in all that can 
be successfully transported to Chicago, by rail or by 
steamship. The following communication was directed 
by the Department of Fomento to the Department of 
Communications and Public Works, and is now being 
acted upon: 

"The Government of Mexico having accepted the 
invitation of the United States to take part in the Inter- 
national Exposition which will be held in 1893, and this^ 
department having commenced to take measures and give 
orders to make the exhibition of Mexico effective and 
worthy of the former occasions in which Mexico has taken 
part in International Expositions, we have the honor to 
address your department the suggestion that the railroad 
companies and steamship lines of the Republic be invited 
to contribute maps, profiles, views and other data of the 
exposition. The fact that these companies have in for- 
mer expositions aided materially in lending their assist- 
ance to the Government in the way of reduced rates of 
transportation to and from the various points in this 
country, would make it seem very appropriate for you to 
ascertain what concessions can be obtained from these 
corporations during the Exposition of 1893, and inform 
this department of the result of your inquiries." 

A careful study of the topogra23hy, climate and inhab- 
itants of Mexico reveals many striking characteristics, 
chief of which is its desire to mingle with other nations 

*Charles W. Brown [Inland Journal of Education.] 



396 THE WORLD S COLUMBIAjNT EXPOSITION 

in The World's Expositions, wliere the products of the 
soil, mines and shop are brought into comparison. 

The Republic of Mexico was formerly called New 
Spain and forms that part of the Western World that 
unites the southern and northern hemispheres, and sepa- 
rates the waters of the Pacific and the Mexican Gulf. 
From Cape Catoche, Yucatan's most eastern extremity, 
to the imaginary boundary line between Lower California, 
it is 2,200 miles. The greatest width measured on a 
direct line some two hundred miles north of Zacatecas, is 
1,200 miles. 

The diversity of climate is nowhere more marked than 
in Southern Mexico. In the torrid — moist, low lands — 
coffee, rice, sugar-cane, cocoa and indigo are grown; and 
forests of mahogany, ebony, palms, orange, lemon and 
citron trees and dye-woods are indigenous to this country, 
the latter coming from the region of the Bordilleras. On 
the plateau, corn, wheat, rye, barley, tobacco, cotton and 
such trees as the oak and walnut are found. Chemicals 
of all descriptions, flax, hemp, hides, skins and other 
articles will form an endless variety of exhibits and the 
hennequin fibre of which most of the rope is made, the 
cultivation of which affords occupation to a large portion 
of the population of the state of Yucatan, will be one of 
the most extensive and instructive of the exhibits. On 
elevations ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 feet are many 
extensive cattle ranches, affording excellent grass and hay. 
Fir, pine and cedar thrive in higher altitudes, above 
which, crowning the highest elevations, perpetual snow 
and ice have lain for centuries. 

The climate of Mexico is divided into three zones — 
Tierras Calientas, signifying hot lands, and having an 
elevation rarely exceeding 900 feet; Tierras Templadas, 



AT^D CHICAGO GUIDE. 397 

signifying temperate lands and ranging from 900 to 5,000 
feet; and Tierras Frias, cold, or rigid, reaching to the 
highest elevations. At an altitude of 15,000 feet all 
plant life ceases and such elevations as Popocateptl, Cit- 
laltpetl and Iztaccihvatl send their spires more than 2,000 
feet into fields of ice and snow. Cactus grows on all soil, 
though it is found in greater abundance on elevations 
ranging from 3,000 to 10,000 feet. 

Granite forms the highest summits of the mountains 
wherein mica -slate, syenite, gneiss, rocks of many vari- 
eties are found; while the prevailing rock is porphyry, 
many are inclined to trachyte; clay-slate and limestone 
contain those rich deposits of the precious metals for 
which Mexico has long been famous. Salt -rock and salt- 
springs are found in the State of Oajaca and near San 
Juan de los Cues. 

What can we not expect from a land so rich in minerals, 
a land whose soil produces everything in the vegetable 
kingdom from the tender blade of grass to the huge for- 
est oak ? From the metals in the mines are made all 
things into which tin, copper, lead, iron, silver and gold 
are shaped. From the trees of the swamp-like forest we 
get our finest mahogany and ebony furniture. Cannot 
Mexico cover the entire range of manufactured articles in 
wood and metal ? 

The Mexican Gulf and bays on the eastern coast offer 
little or no harbor shelter for gulf and ocean steamships. 
The ocean current sweeps around Yucatan on the east 
causing a continual increase of sand-bars, extension of 
the beach, and barring of the river mouths. On the west 
side abundant harbor shelter is offered for hundreds of 
the largest ocean steamers; Lower California being a part 
of Mexico, splendid anchorage can be had in the Gulf of 



398 THE wokld's columbiax expositio]N' 

California botli on the east and west sides of tlie gulf. 

One great disadvantage at which Mexico is placed is 
the few navigable rivers extending into the interior. In 
the lower country west of the Cape Catoche the few 
rivers flowing eastward resemble water -falls, cataracts, 
cascades and rapids rather than navigable streams carry- 
ing merchantable goods to foreign or coast ports. These 
streams are formed entirely of melting snows in the ele- 
vated reo:ions and durino; the season when the heated 
winds from the south blow over the meses^ the streams 
become torrents in their maddened rush seaward and at 
dry seasons following the spring and summer freshets 
the channels of their periodical streams are dry gorges. 
The Rio Grande on the north, which marks the boundary 
between the United States and the Republic of Mexico, is 
the largest river, and as this stream flows along -side 
rather than through the country, Mexico can claim but 
the half of this great river. The Rio de Tampico is the 
second laro^est river in Mexico, and thouo-h 200 miles 
long it is navigable but 40 miles in a south-westerly 
direction as far as Panuco. The Rio Tolotlan is the lai'g- 
est river in Mexico with the exception of the Rio del 
Norte and is formed by the junction of the Laja in Gua- 
najuato. It has a length of 700 miles, emptying into the 
Pacific Ocean by several mouths near San Bias. The 
river has many rapids and is in the rainy season an im- 
petuous torrent. 

Wild animals are extremely numerous,; the bison, grisly 
bear, tapir, jaguar, cougar, ocelot, jaguarundi, tiger, 
tagulcati, javali, porcupines, ant-eaters, gluttons, sloths, 
weasels, polecats, armadillas, cavies, monkeys; manitee, 
or sea-cows, whales and seals inhabit the waters of the 
west coast; bii-ds of all species, including the calaudra. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 399 

whicli is found only in Mexico, Mexican crocodiles, and 
alligators, snakes of every description, including two spe- 
cies of tlie boa, likewise abound. 

The ancient Mexicans knew nothing of the use of beasts 
of burden. The llama w^as wild and seemingly undesir- 
able for domestic purposes ; from the bison, sheep and 
goat they derived little or no benefit. ' ' The dog has 
has always been a favored animal with the Mexicans and 
has been used as a beast of burden to carry their tents, 
draw their baggage, as among the savage Comanches to 
the north. In the days before Cortes and and his con- 
quering hosts invaded this savage country, the Mexicans 
kept only the small, dumb dog, which they fattened for 
the table. 

The Spaniards introduced horned cattle and horses 
which subsequently roamed wild, and to this day vast 
herds and droves occupy the plains of Jalisco, Durango 
and Chihuahua. 

A close observation of the dreariest and wildest regions 
of Mexico proves that where mineral predominates and 
mines are opened, cultivation and settlements follow. 
This is particularly so in the Cordilleras, Durango, w^est- 
ern Chihuahua and extending from Zelaya and Salamanca 
to Silao, Guanajuato and Villa de Leon. 

The scarcity of water in the table -lands, where the soil 
permits of a higher state of cultivation, prevents success- 
ful farming, though irrigation is doing much to bring the 
soil to a better state. 

Maize is the leading cereal. In higher altitudes wheat, 
barley and oats are successfully raised, and bananas, 
manioc and tapioca in Tierras Calientas by the sea. 
Maguey, a plant from whose sap a drink is made for 
all classes, grows in all latitudes. 



400 THE world's COLUMBIAK EXPOSITIO]sr 

AVe may, however, expect from Mexico in addition to 
the antiquities which mark the civilization of Montezuma 
and of Cortes, and the early Spanish occupation, photo- 
graphic representations of scenery surpassing in beauty 
and grandeur that to which we are accustomed: illustra- 
tions of dress, manners and customs with which we are 
unfamiliar, and a display of the treasures which Mexico 
exchanges for her imports. 

The policy adopted by President Diaz, with regard to 
having all concessions declared forfeited where the terms 
of the contract are not fulfilled to the Terj letter by those 
to whom the grant is made, is being closely followed by 
the government, and a number of important enterprises 
which had been inaugurated by American capitalists in 
the republic, have recently had their career cut short 
because the promoters were slow in complying with their 
part of the contracts. 

The native flora of each state will be shown at the Ex230- 
sition, under the direction of Chief Thorpe, who has 
enlisted the lady managers to undertake the collection of 
specimens. 

Mexico has made a World's Fair appropriation of 
$50,000. This is only preliminary, however, and it is 
fully expected that the whole of the 1750,000 which was 
asked for, and perhaps more, will be voted. 

The industries of this most paradisaic country are as 
varied as the opportunities offered by, nature. But there 
remains a vast amount of work to be done. The country 
has not been developed. For ages it slept under a gov- 
ernment that gave no encouragement to industry and -jO 
capital. The progressive government of the last decade 
has given a mighty impetus to the development of the re- 
sources, but only a beginning has been made. 



Al^jy CHICAGO GUIDE. 401 

If we can but call the attention of tlie world to its op- 
portunities there should be an influx of foreign capital that 
would speedily develop the treasures of soil and mine de- 
posited there by nature. 

Next to the banks of the Nile and the classic soil of 
Greece and Rome, there is no more fascinating study to 
the archseologist than that of the great empires on the 
ruins of which the Republic of Mexico was built. Many 
of the relics and ruins from the times of the Aztecs and 
their predecessors will be brought to the fair. Prof. 
Putnam, chief of the Department of Archaeology, will 
reproduce the most celebrated ruin, the temple of Mitla in 
the State of Oaxaca. 

These ruins of Mitla are of unknown antiquity. Bm*- 
goa, writing of them in 1674 describes them practically as 
they appear to-day and says of them that they are ' ' very 
old and beyond the memory of the living," a Spanish 
phrase equivalent to ' ' beyond the memory of man. " 

There is but little doubt but that this building was a 
sacred religious edifice like those of Memphis in Egypt, 
and that it was used for the solemn interment rites not 
alone of chiefs, but also of the braves who died in battle. 
The ancient name yet surviving, ' ' Ly-o-baa, " which means 
center of rest, confirms what little remains of legend re- 
garding the use of the buildings — legends, because history 
there is none. 

An interesting bit of history will be reproduced in the 
palace of Chepultepec, known as the Palace of the Presi- 
dent. On this site and on the summit of a lofty rock 
rising abruptly from the level plain about it, was situated 
the palace of Montezuma. The conquering Spaniards 
razed it to the ground, and Cortez built another structure 

in its place. During the war between the United States 

22 



402 THE WORLD^S COLUMBIAjN" EXPOSITIOI^ 

and Mexico this castle was destroyed and in its place was 
reared the present government building and mansion. 
As far as the conditions of the level ground will permit 
this edifice will be duplicated at the Exposition. 

President Porfrio Diaz is enthusiastic on the proposed 
plan of Mexico's exhibit, as is evinced by his proclama- 
tions to the different departments. A man occupying a 
position of such prominence in the commercial world can 
and will make his power felt among the nations to be 
.represented at the World's Columbian Exposition. 



CALIFORNIA. 



California, although a member of the Union only since 
1850, reaches back to the earliest history of the new 
world. It was visited by the early Spanish adventurers 
under Mendoza, Grijalva and Cabillo. The distinguished 
b>uccaneer. Sir Francis Drake, entered its harbors while 
he was circumnavigating the globe; it was substantially 
captured by Gen. John C. Fremont and the famous Kit Car- 
son; and in 1848 it was formally ceded to the United States. 

The gold excitement of 1849 has become familiar to 
€very one, but it may not be known that during the first 
five years the out-put of gold was |1, 195, 000, 000. 1856 
occurred the formation of the famous Vigilance Commit- 
tee which put an end to the reign of terror due to the 
capture of all the legal and legislative machinery by active 
politicians from the slums. In 1858 was established the 
Overland Mail, which was succeeded two years later by 
the Pony Express; these enterprises were merely a fore- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 403 

shadowing of the intelligent enterprise which has always 
distinguished the Pacific Slope. The Chinese outnumber 
the population of other foreigners, and their customs and 
wares will play no unimportant part in California's ex- 
hibit. In 1883 occurred the decline in mining stocks 
which reduced their valuation 94 per cent. , entailing a 
loss of 1265.000,000. In 1886 occurred the Land Boom 
in Southern California, which left many in possession of 
town lots where yet there is no town. 

California, as is well-known, possesses stupendous 
forests, great mountain peaks, wonderful canyons, the 
36,000 acres included in the famous Yosemite Valley, 
dizzying falls, such as The Bridal Veil, and the Merced 
River Cascade; strange formations, such as the Half 
Dome, Sentinel Rock, The Royal Arches, and The 
Spires ; inland waters, such as Goose Lake, Lake Taboe 
and Tulare Lake; the broad expanse of San Francisco 
Bay, and the celebrated Golden Gate. Its deep -sea 
fisheries employ 3, 000 persons and yield a revenue of 
$1,000,000; its waters furnish the greatest variety of the 
most palatable fish; it collects 170, 000, 000 for its crops, 
cereals, roots, and hay; its gigantic vegetables, its chicory 
and mustard, its hops, its vineyards, and its orchards, 
find in all of us beneficiaries. Its industries include the 
beet- sugar, which has rendered Claus Spreckles famous; 
canned goods, stock -yards, in comparison with which 
others seem small, and silk; it stands first among wool- 
producing States; its gold mines have not ceased to yield 
rich returns; and it has these wonders for the traveler 
known as The Petrified Forests, the Colorado and Mohare 
Deserts, Alabaster and Daser Caves, and the Natural 
Bridges of Coyote Creek, and Hay Fork. It has so far 
produced $26,000,000 of silver, $70,000,000 of quick- 



404 THE world's columbiajs" exposition 

silver, and lias resources of onyx, lime, copper, lead^ 
iron, slate, marble, salt, soda, borax, basalt, sulphur, 
soapstone, serpentine, manganese, tin, tufa, porphyry, 
antimony, petroleum, dolemite, sandstone, arragonite, 
graphite, koaline, alabaster, granite, mineral -paint, iridium, 
slatinum, bismuth, isinglass, tellurium, asbestos, alum, and 
cobalt. It is rich in mineral springs and in attractive re- 
sorts for the traveler and the invalid; and its forestry is 
not limited to one locality, for Stanislaus and Calauras 
Grove are quite as well worth seeing as the point generally 
sought by the visitor who wishes an acquaintance with 
the big trees of California. But Calif ornia has more than 
all this, for it possesses a population sufficiently intelligent 
to recognize the truth that natural resources must be sup- 
plemented by educated intelligence. Hence, she supports 
great universities and a well-conducted system of ele- 
mentary and secondary schools. She has given to the 
country at large such writers as Bret Harte, Derby, and 
Joaquin Miller; and she has drawn into her service some 
of the ablest educators and specialists of the United States. 
The question, then, is less what has California to show? 
than how complete will she undertake to make her 
exhibit. 

California will have among its exhibits a reproduc- 
tion of Calif ornian topography, in the form of an elliptical 
panorama. Visitors will be transported around the ellipse 
by an 'elevated railway, and it will thus be possible to 
pass in imagination through California's varied and cele- 
brated scenery and to look upon the various industries of 
this favored State. Of course the big trees of California 
must be represented at Chicago, otherwise than by photo- 
graphic reproduction; so from Tulare County will come a 
monarch of the forest, three thousand years old, ninety- 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 405 

nine feet in circumference at the base, and one hundred 
and seventy-two feet in length from the ground to the 
lowest limb. 

In the matter of existing collections, California has 
resources in the State Mining Bureau Museum, the Uni- 
versity State Geological Survey, the Vry Collection, the 
Hank's Collection and the Keene Collection. 

The Californian never does things by halves, as the 
country has learned when occasion has invited his partici- 
pation. She has much to show in the matter of irriga- 
tion, the cultivation of silk, ramie, beet -sugar, mining 
processes, wine processes, harvesting, ship-building, fish- 
hatcheries, saw -mills, inventions, the raising of horses 
and sheep, in resources of onyx and marble, and in a flora 
well calculated to enter into competition with that of the 
tropics. 

Commissioner M. H. DeYoung, though born in St. Louis, 
removed to San Francisco when but five years of age. He 
began at the bottom of the ladder as a newsboy and is 
now the owner and editor of the Ohronicle^ of which he 
was the founder. 



WASHINGTON. 



"Washington, although but recently admitted to the 
sisterhood of States, carries her history back to the era 
of the early Spanish adventurers. Seattle has become 
known to all through the aggressive energies of its citi- 
zens who have created opportunities for acquainting the 
country with the great and varied resources of the state 
of their adoption, and who have supplemented their 



406 THE AVORLd's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

natural resources by all the auxiliaries to human growth 
which the civilized world has discerned. But the rela- 
tive deadness of printed description will be overcome 
for the great exhibit which this State is preparing for the 
World's Columbian Ex230sition. There seems a special 
propriety in introducing, at this point, a tribute ta 
Columbia. 

THE NATIONS PAY TRIBUTE TO COLUMBIA. 

Columbia, star-crowned ruler of the West, 
Before whose mighty standard nations bow, 

Niagara greets thee ; from her foamy crest 
In ringing tones are thundered down below : 

Free as the waters of this stream, thou art; 

Free as that noble bird thy ensign bears; 
Free as the wind that tend thy thees apart; 

Free as the oceans lashing 'gainst thy shores. 

Yet, O my country, refuge of my youth. 
What wondrous quiet in thy valleys reigns; 

And on thy hills dwell happiness and truth, 
And in thy beauteous hamlets love remains. 

So true wert thou, O land of Faith, of Hope, 
That foreign children longed to call thee ''mine.'* 

Longed for thy rule so merciful, yet just. 
And found a refuge kneeling at thy shrine. 

Thou wert not strange to those who came to thee, 
A mirror wert thou, from whose magic face 

Were seen reflected in clear imagery. 

Home scenes, time nor eternity could efface. 

What is it England sees? She sees but thee — 
Tliou art her daughter and she clasps thy hand 

Weeping to lose, yet glad to see thee free, 
Thou'll aye remind her sons of their loved land. 

The crystal-castled Hudson comes in view; 

With admiration Germany stands mute — 
''The Lorelei " sound through the fading blue, 

Played by some shepherd on his magic flute. 

Lo! Switzerland her stately march begins. 

Stands smiling, trembling on the western side; 

Here on another Alps, God's sunlight shines — 
Here silvered mountain streamlets softly glide. 

From o'er the waters, sailing up the bay, 
France comes and halts ; for there in regal form 

Stands ''Liberty." He wins eternal day 
Who pays his tribute to her matchless charm. 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 4^' 



Green-bannered cornfields in the sunlight glow 

And velvet grasses clothe the low hillside. 
"Home," murmurs Erin's son, "I see thee now." 

How swells Ms faithful heart with loyal pride. 

All these pay tribute to thee, wondrous land — 

The Orient, the Occident now greets. 
Faith, Hope and Love are proud to grasp thy hand, 

And at thy shrine, all men as brothers meet. 

— [Claea F. Jones. 



MISSOURI. 



Missouri has grown without the adventitious aid of 
booms, and while never lacking in productive energy has: 
never yielded to the enterprise which trusts for its returns 
to options and margins. Its cities enter into no competi- 
tion with New York and Chicago, in the matter of ' ' sky- 
scraping buildings," but prefer substantial convenience 
to empty ostentation: they do not claim to be the "hub"o£ 
intellect or of trade, but at the same time they have pro- 
duced minds as noticeable as those of Thomas H. Benton,, 
Dr. George Englemann, Dr. James Shiel, Ira Divolly, 
Dr. Wm. T. Harris, brewing, tobacco manufacture, etc. 5, 
the supremacy of St. Louis is unquestioned. 

During the civil war, Missouri was one of the legal 
border States, and she had a large opportunity of learning 
that '' virtue is its own reward." Missouri, like Ohio^ 
is a State favored exceptionally by nature, and the story^ 
of her growth vindicates her proper use of her rick 
legacy. One who does not understand that she does not 
believe in developing resources faster than they can be 
used, will fail altogether to understand her intelligent and 
healthful industry, because it differs from the insane 
activity of the British sportsmen who wantonly killed 
off the innumerable herds of buffalo, because the buffalo' 



408 THE ttorld's coloibiax exposition 

were there to be killed. Missouri has everything to 
exhibit, but what she shows will depend partly upon the 
wisdom of her Commissioners, and partly upon the fact 
that she has no desire to in^^ite an iiTuption of impecu- 
nious Goths and Vandals, althouo'h extending: the most 
hospitable of welcomes to all immigrants,f oreign or domes- 
tic who choose to cast in their lot with her. 

Colonel C. H. Jones, one of the World's Columbian 
Exposition's Commissioners from Missouri, is Chaii^man of 
the Finance Committee of that body, and is a loan made 
by Georgia and Florida to Missomi. Under his manage- 
ment the St. Louis RepuMic has made a perceptible 
advance in the direction of metropolitan journalism. Col. 
Jones adds strength to Missouri's commission, and as he 
always makes his influence felt, this fact should contribute 
largely to the success of Missomi's exhibit. His system 
and astuteness have been recomized in the conduct of the 
great daily of which he is editor, and these qualities must 
prove invaluable in organizing the forces of the State. In 
manner Col. Jones is always accessible, and, although one 
of the busiest of men, always finds time to say a kind 
word to those who need it, and to listen to well -intended 
.suggestions. 



COXXECTICUT. 



Connecticut, one of the original thirteen States of the 
Eepublic has been less aggressive than some of the older 
Kew England States, but she has been none the less per- 
sistent and forceful. Her history at any period is full of 
interest for those who take any interest in the foundation 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 409 

and development of the New World ideas, as represented 
by the United States. 

To the traveler and pleasure -seeker, Connecticut is full 
of interest, and as Paris has an American colony, so 
Bridgeport and other towns have a large resident popula- 
tion of those whose real homes are elsewhere. Hartford 
is one of the great money centres of the country ; New 
Haven and Hartford are both possessed of famous col- 
leges ; her manufactures are extensive, and although, as in 
the case of Colt's arms, conducted upon a large scale, are 
as a rule typical of an American idea that universal indus- 
try and thrift is of greater permanent benefit than the 
possession of a limited number of business ^ ' barons " of 
the largest establishments in the world. The natural 
highways by water have been supplemented by a network 
of railways, so that inter-communication is rendered per- 
fect. As has been said, there is no period of American 
history which can be illustrated without mention of Con- 
necticut, but limit of space induce us to select as a 
specially American type, Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy 
of the American Revolution, whose story has been so 
adequately told by Isaac Hinton Brown, — himself a 
patriot of the same school : 

NATHAN HALE, THE MARTYR SPY. 

After the disastrous defeat of the Americans on Long Island, "Washington desired 
information respecting the British position and movements. Capt. Nathan Hale, but 
twenty -one years old, volunteered to procure the information. He was taken and 
hanged as a spy the day after his capture, September 22, 1776. His patriotic devotion, 
and brutal treatment received at the hands of his captors, have suggested the follow- 
ing: 

'Twas in the year that gave the Nation birth — 

A time when men esteemed the common good 

As greater weal than private gain. A battle fierce 

And obstinate had laid a thousand patriots low, 

And filled the people's hearts with gloom. 



410 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOI^ 



Pursued like hunted deer, 
The crippled army fled; and, yet, amid 
Disaster and defeat, the Nation's chosen chief 
Resolved his losses to retrieve. But not 
With armies disciplined and trained by years 
Of martial service, could he, this Fabian chief. 
Now hope to check the hosts of Howe's victorious legions- 
These had he not. 

In stratagem the shrewder general 
Ofttimes o'ercomes his strong antagonist. 
To Washington a knowledge of the plans, 
Position, strength of England's force 
Must compensate for lack of numbers. 

He casts about for one who'd take his life 
In hand. Lo! he stands before the chief. In face, 
A boy — in form, a man on whom the eye could rest 
Inse arch of God's perfected handiwork. 
In culture, grace, speech, reflecting all 
A mother's love could lavish on an only son. 

The chieftain's keen, discerning eye 
Appraised the youth at his full worth, and saw 
In him those blending qualities that make 
The hero and the sage. He fain would save 
For nobler deeds a man whose presence marked 
A spirt born to lead. 

*' Young man," he said with kindly air, 
"Your country and commander feel grateful that 
Such talents are offered in this darkening hour. 
Have you in reachiog this resolve, considered well 
Your fitness, courage, strength — the act, the risk, 
You undertake? Have you, in that fine balance, which 
Detects an atom on either beam, weighed well 
Your chances of escape 'gainst certain fate 
Should capture follow in the British camp? " 

In tones of fitting modesty that well 
Became his years, the patriot answered thus : 
" My country's honor, safety, life, it ever was 
My highest purpose to defend : that country's fees 
Exultant sweep through ruined land and home 
And field. A thousand stricken hearts bewail 
The loss of those who late our standard bore 
Appeal to us through weeping eyes whose tears 
We cannot brush away with words. The ranks 
Of those now cold in death are not replaced 
By living men. The hour demands a duty rare — 
Perhaps a sacrifice. If God and training in 
The schools have given me capacities 
This duty to perform, the danger of the enterprise 
Should not deter me from the act 
Whose issue makes our country free. In times 
Like these a Nation's life sometimes upon 
A single life depends. If mine be deemed 
A fitting sacrifice, God grant a quick 
Deliverance." 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 41 L 



'' Enough, go then, at once." the great 
Commander said. " May Heaven's guardian angels give 
You safe return. Adieu." 

Disguised with care, the hopeful captain crossed 
The bay, and moved through British camp 
Without discovery by troops or refugees. 
The enemy's full strength, in men, in stores, 
Munitions, guns, — all military accoutrements 
Were noted with exact precision ; while 
With graphic sketch, each trench and parapet, 
Casemated battery, magazine and every point 
Strategic, was drawn with artist's skill. 

The task complete, the spy with heart 
Elate, now sought an exit though the lines. 
Well might he feel a soldier's pride. An hour hence 
A waiting steed would bear him to his friends. 
His plans he'd lay before his honored chief; 
His single hand might turn the tide of war, 
His country yet be free. 

** Halt ! a British musket leveled at 
His head dimmed all the visions of his soul. 
A dash — an aimless shot; the spy bore down 
Upon the picket with a blow that else 
Had freed him from his clutch, but for a score 
Of troopers stationed near. In vain the struggle fierce 
And desperate — in vain demands to be released. 
A tory relative^ for safety quartered in 
The British camp, would prove his truckling loyalty 
With kinsman's blood. A word — a look — 
A motion of the head, and he who'd dared 
So much in freedom's name was free no more. 

O, Judas, self -condemned! thou art 
But the type of many trait'rous friend. 
Who ere and since thy time, betrayed to death 
A noble heart. Henceforth be doubly doomed — 
A base example to earth's weaker souls. 

Before Lord Howe the captive youth 
Was led. " Base dog ! " the haughty general said, 
"Ignoble son of loyal sires! you've played the spy 
Quite well I ween. The cunning skill wherewith 
You wrought these plans and charts might well Rdorn 
An honest man; but in a rebel's hands they're vile 
And mischievous. If aught may palliate 
A traitor's act, attempted in his sovereign's camp, 
1 bid you speak ere I pronounce your sentence." 

With tone and mein that hushed 
The buzzing noise of idle lackers in the hall, 
The patriot thus replied : '• You know my name — 
My rank ; — my treach'rous kinsman made 
My purpose plain. I've nothing further of myself 
To tell beyond the charge of traitor to deny. 



412 THE woeld's columbiais" exposition 



The brand of spy I do accept without reproach ; 
But never since I've known the base ingratitude 
Of king to loyal subjects of his realm 
Has British rule been aught to me than barbarous 
Despotism which God and man abhor, and none 
But dastards fear to overthrow. 

For tryant royalty your lordship represents 
I never breathed a loyal breath; and he 
Who calls me traitor seeks a pretext for a crime 
His trembling soul might well condemn." 

*' I'll hear no more such prating cant," 
Said Howe, *' your crime's enough to hang a dozen men. 
Before to-morrow's sun goes down you'll swing 
'Twixt earth and heaven, that your countrymen 
May know a British camp is dangerous ground 
For prowling spies. Away ! ' ' 

In loathsome cell, deprived 
Of holy sacrament, and e'en the word of Him 
Who cheered the thief upon the cross, — refused 
The means wherewith he would indite his last 
Farewell to her who gave him life, 
And to another whose young heait 
The morrow's work would shade in gloom, 
He passed the night in charge of one whom Satan had 
Commissioned hell's sharpest torments to inflict. 

Securely bound upon a cart, amid 
A speechless crowd, he stands beneath a strong 
Projecting limb, to which a rope with noose attached^ 
Portends a tragic scene. He casts his eyes 
Upon the surging multitude. Clearly now 
His tones ring out as victors shout in triumph : 

*' Men, I do not die in vain, 
My humble death upon this tree will light anew 
The Torch of Liberty. A hundred hands to one 
Before will strike for country, home and God, 
And fill our ranks with men of faith in His 
Eternal plan to make this people free. 
A million prayers go up this day to free 
The land from blighting curse of tyrant's rule. 
Oppression's wrongs have reached Jehovah's throne : 
The God of vengeance smites the foe ! This land, — 
This glorious land, — is free — is free! " 

*'My friends, farewell! In dying thus 
I feel but one regret ; it is the one poor lif s 
I have to give in Freedom's cause." 



AjS'D CHICAGO GUIDE. 413 



VIRGINIA. 



Virginia, the ^ ' mother of Presidents, " was happily 
selected for a spot which should unite varied scenery, 
ample and widely differing resources, and such conditions 
of life as should develop a race of men whose influence 
should be felt for good wherever the accidents of life 
should cause them to pitch their tents. The famous Blue 
Ridge mountains, the celebrated Spas, spots like Harper's 
Ferry made ever memorable by our military history, — 
these and things like these, render Virginia an object of 
intense interest to the traveler. Iron and cotton manu- 
factures have become considerable in amount although the 
predominant interest continues to be agricultural. Tobacco 
was the one interest in the time of Captain John Smith, 
and tobacco continues to be the dominant interest of the 
farmer. Virginia, although by no means different, has 
been less successful than Massachusetts in keeping herself 
before the public eye, and yet her part in the history of 
our country has been no less important. The best product 
of Virginia, however, has been her men and women, so as 
a type we select Stonewall Jackson : 

THE death; of stonewall JACKSON. 

With hush of death surrounding him, the dying chieftain lay — 

Erom smoke and din of battle-field now gently borne away. 
Earth's Sabbath day was ending, and the City of the Blest 

Had opened wide its portals bright to welcome him to rest. 
The shadow of that lonely vale whose darkness is untold 

Was lying thick about his heart — its damps how chilling cold ! 
But the citadel of thought, no foe, however fierce, could take, 
Save that foe at whose dread approach the sleeper does not wake — 
E'en now it trembles 'neath his touch, as, earth's lights growing dim 

Commingle with the lights of heaven, now breaking over him. 



414 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



Awhile then voices muttered loud, " Up, 'tis the call of war! " — 

He heard them vaguely, as one hears strange voices from afar — 
Then — shifting scene — he is at home — and with a rapture wild, 

Again he hears the welcome tones of loving wife and child. 
A d ^ar familiar scene seems now just shimmering in the air, — 

'Tis soldiers kneeling all around, while he gives voice to prayer. 
The spirit of the warrior brave was strong within him still, 

But the current of his life had drowned the pulses of his will, 
And all his strength was impotence — save that his soul grew strong, 

Knowing that prayer was rising from the assembled sabred throng 
That God would bless their leader — and he knew their prayer was heard 

(For He will ever bless His own— according to His word.) 
The songs of triumph echo still through memory's tottering hall, 

While the pain of being conquered will outlast the pain of all. 
Advancing and retreating, like a force before the foe, — 

Urging to action — then to rest — the voices come and go. 
He listens with a warrior's ear to heed a warrior's call. 

But, voices calling him to rest seem sweetest now, of all — 
A vision of a rest from strife where sounds of war should cease 

Seemed mirrored in the misty air, and seemed to give him peace. 
The call, **To arms! *' no more could rouse the dying chieftain's eye — 

It pierced its dull environment — his spirit longed to fly. 
His answer to the messengers was borne on evening breeze — 

"Now, let us pass the river o'er, and rest beneath the trees." 
O'er Lethe's stream the boatman pale, plying his silent oar 

Has rowed the fallen chieftain safe to the Elysian shore. 
The river crossed, at last is gained the promised, longed-for rest. 

Under the shade of life's fair tree, in the City of the Blest. 

— [Harriet Adams Sawyer. 



PEKSIA. 

Persia liolds a leading place in, our earliest authentic 
history, and almost without interruption has she con- 
tinued to interest the nations of the world. Every school- 
boy who attempts Greek reads of Cyrus the Great and 
his marvelous military career ; of Cambyses, of Xerxes, 
whose name is inseparably joined to that of Thermopylae, 
of the overthrow of the empire by Alexander the Great ; 



AND CHICAGO GUIDE. 415 

of renewed Persian domination in tlie sixth century ; of its 
being overrun by the Mohammedans. Its worship was so 
far in advance of other pagan religions as to have made 
familiar even to the popular reader the names Ohriman 
and Ormuz. The terrible Genghis Kahn, who, however, 
according to Marco Polo, has been greatly defamed, con- 
quered Persia in the thirteenth century. Less than two 
hundred years afterwards Tamerlane, celebrated by 
English poets, desolated the country, and in the fifteenth 
century he was succeeded by the dynasty of the Shahs. 
]N"adir Shah has a place among the great military men of 
the world, and it was he that pillaged India of wealth 
estimated at nearly two hundred millions of dollars. 
Doubtless the wonderful collection of jewels possessed by 
the Persian Shahs had its real beginning under Nadir 
Shah. The poet, Moore, popularized much of Persia's 
scenery and many of her customs. 

Who has not heard of the vale of Cashmere, 

With its roses the brightest that earth ever gave, 

Its temples, and grottoes, and fountains as clear, 
As the love-lighted eyes that hang over their wave? 

Oh, to see it at sunset, when warm over the lake 

Its splendor at parting the summer eve throws, 
Like a bride full of blushes, when lingering to take 

A last look at her mirror at night ere she goes. 

When the shrines through the foliage are gleaming half-shown. 
And each hallows the hour by some rites of its own. 

Here the music of prayer from a minaret swells, 
Here the Magian his urn full of perfume is swinging, 

And here, at the altar, a zone of sweet bells 
Kound the waist of some fair Indian dancer is ringing. 

Or to see it by moonlight, — when mellowly shines 

The light o'er its palaces, gardens and shrines; 
When the waterfalls gleam like a quick fall of stars. 

And the nightingale's hymn from the Isle of Chenares 
Is broken by laughs and light echoes of feet 

From the cool shining walks where the young people meet. 



416 THE world's coloibiax exposition 

Turquoise, iron, antimony, lead, copper, and antimony 
are mined; rock-salt, naptha, sulphur and mumea abound; 
marble and coal have also been discovered. 

The date -tree flourishes, and there are hixuriant forests 
of cedar, cypress, box, beech, elm, oak, walnut ; on the 
slopes of the mountains there is rich pasturage and there 
are fruitful crops of barley, wheat, and sugar-cane. The 
vine, the pomegranate, and the ^^ine ; orchards of figs, 
apples, peaches, plums, pears, and cherries are every- 
where common; while the lower portions of the country 
produce rice, sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco, and cotton. 
Sheep and goats are the chief interest of the rancher, but 
the wild ass, in his jDrimeval state of beauty and fleetness, 
is still to be found. 

Persian silks and velvets, carpets, rugs, woolen goods, 
shawls, swords and daggers, are known to all through 
their value as an element of commerce. The Persian em- 
pire is still great in extent and in resources ; its land is 
fertile ; its people have in the past proved their ability ; 
and yet inefficient government renders all of these natural 
advantao'es of but small moment in aivins; Persia the 
rank which at various times she has held in the world's 
historv. 



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